我们知觉到了什么——梅洛-庞蒂《行为的结构》一书探要

在<行为的结构>一书中,梅洛-庞蒂希望通过研究行为来理解意识与自然之间的关系.在批判行为主义心理学和格式塔心理学的基础上,他指出人的行为是一种"象征行为",人类秩序是一种比物理秩序和生命秩序更为高级的、能够"知觉"到人类生命自身丰富意义的秩序.从现象学的角度出发,梅洛-庞蒂把知觉主体由"意识"转向了"身体",知觉对象由"物理对象"、"私人感觉"、"感觉材料"引向了"人的意向性活动",知觉的效用由获得"纯粹的知识"指向了发现"人类生命的意义",从而将知觉问题引入一个新的方向,也为我们重新触及真、善、美的问题开显了一个新的视角.     

土耳其与中国间的认知分析

中国与土耳其在政治与经济领域的外交关系近年来已有显著改善。然而,受到一系列因素的影响,双方民众间交往的亲善度特别低。这些因素包括“东突厥斯坦”问题、对往昔历史的考虑、贸易失衡问题以及双方媒体对这些问题所采取的负面和敌视的态度等。为了解决双方民众彼此间亲善度较低的问题,双方不仅应该借助制度化的对话与交流来加强联系,而且应该通过非正式的社会与文化方面的互动来增进彼此问的了解。本文旨在分析土耳其和中国民众的观念对两国间的双边关系的影响。通过观察当前中国与土耳其的关系,探讨两国公众的态度是否会成为国家间关系的主要阻力之一,是否会对决策者造成深刻的影响等问题。     

大学生对儒家“和文化”认知状况的调查

"和"一直是中华民族的价值取向和追求目标,也是中国传统思想文化的精髓之一。"和文化"在儒家思想阐释和衍发下,显示出了独特的内涵,并在社会、生活、教育、政治等各方面得到广泛宣传和运用。儒家"和文化"的认知情况,反映了大学生的传统文化素质,用"和文化"加强大学生教育有利于道德素质的发展。     

Perception on Chinese values: A comparison of Chinese secondary students studying at national secondary schools and Chinese independent schools in Malaysia

This study aims to examine whether different educational systems will impose students with different perception on Chinese values. Cluster sampling method was used and 599 Chinese students from three national secondary schools (NSS) and two Chinese independent schools (CIS) in Malaysia were recruited. A questionnaire containing two sections namely background information and Chinese value scale developed by Chinese Culture Connection (1987) was distributed. The findings showed that the practice of Chinese cultural values indicated through the use of Chinese language in everyday life between respondents from NSS and CIS is about the same, but more respondents from CIS read or watch Chinese materials than those from NSS. Respondents from CIS and NSS viewed integrity and tolerance as the most important Chinese value. Respondents from NSS perceived Confucians ethos or human relationship as more important, whereas respondents from CIS chose loyalty to ideals and humanity. The findings suggested that the role of parents in the perseverance of Chinese culture and the influence of different school environment are equally important in determining the perception of Chinese values among secondary school students.     

Individual differences in the perception of occupational stress and their association with blood pressure status

Abstract

Casual blood pressure (BP) was recorded in a sample of 217 working adults. A questionnaire was used to obtain subjective reports of job stress. comparisons were made between a group with elevated BP and a normotensive group. The high BP group appeared to perceive more stress. In particular, scores on the role conflict, job versus non-job conflict and type A scales reliably differentiated the groups. In contrast, for the job satisfaction items, no difference between the groups was observed. There appeared to be some association between reported occupational stress and BP level.     

农业知识与信息系统(AKIS)个案分析 ———来自海南阜龙乡天堂村与新村的调查

为了探讨乡村科技传播中阻碍农民认知行为发展的关键原因，文章采用问卷调查与个案访谈相结合的研究方法，利用农业知识与信息系统理论对相关个案进行了深入的调查研究与分析，调查对象为海南省白沙县阜龙乡天堂村与新村两个相邻的少数民族行政村农民及与之相关的乡村科技传播机构和人员。调查分析结果表明：农民的知识结构主要以隐性知识为主，其知识来源主要是个体的经验积累和农民之间的相互模仿，知识技术传播方式以隐性知识传播为主;外部乡村传播者由于对农民认知结构和认知行为学习规律严重缺乏了解，在传播内容和传播方式上均主要强调显性知识的传播而未能重视隐性知识的传播，致使其传播效果影响甚小。本研究认为，未来的乡村科技传播应该更多地利用隐性知识传播规律，以便更好地促进农民认知行为的改变。     

Perception and determination of child maltreatment: Exploratory comparisons across three countries

Objective

Little is known about perception and determination of child maltreatment across countries. Although differences in perception and determination of maltreatment across regions of a single country are well documented, comparative knowledge across countries remains sparse. This internet survey examined perception of abusive behaviors and factors considered important in determining maltreatment in three countries (i.e., the United States, Ghana, and Nigeria).

Method

Forty-five abusive behaviors comprising physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, child neglect, and child labor, as well as 13 factors considered important in determining maltreatment, were examined among a convenience sample of 327 respondents in the United States, Ghana, and Nigeria. Respondents were recruited within and outside universities in the three countries and links to the survey were sent to respondents who are nonstudents.

Results

With all the countries combined, consensus was high for 15 of the 45 abusive behaviors, although levels of consensus and perceptions varied by country and race. Consensus was high for all of the abusive behaviors among respondents in the United States, 36 of the abusive behaviors among respondents in Ghana, and none of the abusive behaviors among respondents in Nigeria. Respondents who are White/Caucasian were significantly more likely to perceive 5 of the behaviors as abuse than respondents who are Black/non-Caucasian. Similarly, factors considered important in determining maltreatment differed by country and race. Respondents in the United States and Ghana were more likely to consider 9 of the 13 factors important in determining maltreatment compared to respondents in Nigeria. Also, Caucasians/Whites were more likely to consider 6 of the 13 factors important in determining maltreatment compared to Blacks/non-Caucasians.

Conclusion

Despite racial and regional differences, there are indications that cross-cultural consensus on perception and determination of abusive behaviors is possible. Understanding differences in socio-cultural experiences may help bridge the current gaps in cross-cultural consensus on perception and determination of abusive behaviors.     

Who Wants to Redistribute? An Analysis of 14 Post‐Soviet Nations

We investigate population groups' attitude regarding inequality reduction in post‐Soviet transitional countries of the Baltic, Central Asia and the Caucasus, as well as the Slavic countries and Moldova. Empirical evidence presented in this article demonstrates that despite skyrocketing inequality, erosion of social provisions and efforts to introduce an individualistic market economy ideology during the last 15 years, overall support for redistribution and welfare state efforts to counterbalance rising inequality remained strongly legitimized among citizens in all post‐Soviet countries. Nevertheless, there are differences between population groups in attitude: the older, the less educated, the poor and women express more support for redistribution; while the younger, the better educated, the rich and men tend to not support redistribution. Populations in transitional countries of the Caucasus and Central Asia that face higher inequality and less effective redistribution policies expressed a strong desire for more redistribution and more active social welfare policies.     

新感觉 --新感觉派作家内在生命的外在表达形式

对创作技巧的追求是新感觉派作家的一个重要特征.新感觉正是他们孜孜以求的内在生命的外在表达形式,这表现为独特而反常规的感觉在他们创作中的频繁出现.本文着重探讨该派作家对声、色、光的独特感觉,意象的捕捉及心理活动与意识流在创作中的运用.     

梅洛——庞蒂的“身体”与绘画艺术的表现性

梅洛-庞蒂作为与萨特同时代的法国著名哲学家,其哲学主要观点是引进了身体作为桥梁,弥补了二元论与纯粹的经验主义的缺陷.人与世界接触后,便是人的身体所反映出来的表现性.身体的表现性在对外界的反应,以及人的表现性在绘画艺术创作时所起的作用,是很值得探讨的,在梅洛-庞蒂的哲学中占有很重要的地位.