Older Latina Women and HIV/AIDS: An Examination of Sexuality and Culture as they Relate to Risk and Protective Factors

Older Latina women are one of the least studied American demographic groups with regard to social, health, or sexual behavior. This could leave social workers and other geriatric professionals unprepared for dealing with HIV/AIDS in this population. Currently, older Latina women are one of the fastest growing groups of new AIDS cases. Twenty percent of all women ever diagnosed with the disease are Latina and 5.5% of Latinas infected with the virus are older. The number of diagnosed infections is increasing in older women, including Latinas, in spite of recent declines in infection rates with younger populations. There are also a potentially large number of cases that go misdiagnosed or undiagnosed.

This article also addresses risk and protective factors related to gender roles, traditional Latino family values, religion, socioeconomic factors, health, and health care, with special attention to the triple jeopardy faced by this population by virtue of being female, seniors, and minorities. The article concludes with recommendations for the development of culturally competent practices with older Latinas and the development of a research agenda to better understand their risk-related and health-seeking behavior.     

Supporting the Labor Force Participation of Older Adults: An International Survey of Policy Options

The unprecedented aging of the world's population challenges many institutions, including labor markets and public pension programs. This study was conducted to survey expert opinions regarding conditions and policies that affect employment of older adults. Eighty-nine respondents from 26 nations responded to an Internet survey regarding their own experiences with the aging labor force; factors that encouraged or discouraged labor force participation of older adults; and government responses to these issues. Respondents identified barriers to employment of older adults and described their governments' responses. Findings illuminate a range of current policy options and suggest possible opportunities for innovation.     

中国1982年后人口普查和抽样调查中死亡漏报的估计——基于Bayesian分层回归模型

利用Bayesian分层回归模型估计中国1982年后历次人口普查和抽样调查的死亡漏报率及其随时间的变化。结果表明:0岁死亡漏报率随时间的变化具有明显的阶段性,而1～4岁死亡漏报率随时间的变化趋势不明显;全年龄、5～14岁和15～59岁、60～89岁和90岁及以上死亡漏报率随时间的变化基本近似且同样具有阶段性。受漏报原因和不同时期社会背景的影响,女性1～4岁的死亡漏报率不一定低于0岁的死亡漏报率。人口普查成人阶段各年龄死亡漏报率差别较大,而人口抽样调查则较为一致。2000年人口普查男性和2010年全人口90岁及以上死亡率偏低是由比较严重的死亡漏报造成。死亡漏报对预期寿命计算误差的影响因年龄而异,二者关系在婴幼儿中较弱,其余年龄死亡漏报和预期寿命误差存在显著线性正相关。     

美国社会保障法律制度探究

美国是世界上最早制定系统的社会保障法律制度的国家,其社会保障法律制度具有鲜明的市场化特点,目标是公平与效率的统一。美国社会保障法律制度在促进经济发展、维护社会稳定和调节各利益集团的关系方面都发挥着积极作用,但也存在着一些不可忽视的问题。分析美国社会保障法律制度的特点、问题及改革过程,对正处于转型期的中国有一定的启示：社会保障法律制度的建立和运行要以立法为保障并与经济发展相适应,应格外关注弱势群体利益,应积极应对即将进入的老龄社会带来的问题。     

珠三角“代耕农”的时代性差异比较

在借鉴前人研究成果的基础上基于实地调研,考察了珠三角地区农业流动人口中的特殊群体"代耕农"的生存状况,发现不同时期流入的"代耕农"在流入方式、流入区域、产出销售、代耕合同签订、土地租金、收入状况、居住环境、人际交往、福利保障等方面具有不同的特点,有着不同的利益诉求,面临的问题与困境也有所不同。据此认为,认知这些时代性差异,有利于地方政府结合当地实际,针对不同时期"代耕农"的具体情况,分别采取相应的解决方案。     

辽宁省出生人口萎缩与生育政策调整研究

辽宁省育龄妇女数量和出生人口数量多年来一直呈减少趋势,生育水平已经进入超低状态,尽管面临新的生育高峰,但由于生育旺盛期育龄妇女人数的减少,也不会引起出生人口的较大反弹.因此,必须在适当的时候调整生育政策,将总和生育率提高到一定的水平,以维持合理的人口再生产.     

人口老龄化对我国财政支出规模的影响——从社会保障角度出发

以我国1995—2008年财政支出规模和社会保障水平为样本,采用回归模型对两者关系进行了实证分析。此外,在该模型的基础上,加入人口老龄化变量,对老年人数量、老年抚养比与财政支出的关系进行实证分析。研究结果发现:社会保障水平与财政支出规模有着显著的正向关系;老年人数量的增加、老年抚养比的增高对财政支出规模的扩大也起了一定作用。     

The case for small area microdata

Summary.  Census data are available in aggregate form for local areas and, through the samples of anonymized records (SARs), as samples of microdata for households and individuals. In 1991 there were two SAR files: a household file and an individual file. These have a high degree of detail on the census variables but little geographical detail, a situation that will be exacerbated for the 2001 SAR owing to the loss of district level geography on the individual SAR. The paper puts forward the case for an additional sample of microdata, also drawn from the census, that has much greater geographical detail. Small area microdata (SAM) are individual level records with local area identifiers and, to maintain confidentiality, reduced detail on the census variables. Population data from seven local authorities, including rural and urban areas, are used to define prototype samples of SAM. The rationale for SAM is given, with examples that demonstrate the role of local area information in the analysis of census data. Since there is a trade-off between the extent of local detail and the extent of detail on variables that can be made available, the confidentiality risk of SAM is assessed empirically. An indicative specification of the SAM is given, having taken into account the results of the confidentiality analysis.     

黑龙江省人口预测及分析

基于第五次人口普查数据对黑龙江省人口进行了预测。预测结果表明:按中方案黑龙江省人口将于2018年左右进入负增长,人口数量将达3 896．11万人,高方案将于2032年进入负增长,人口数量将达4 004．8万人。人口老化将很快成为人口的又一个突出矛盾。