Risk Assessment for Carcinogens Under California''s Proposition 65

Risk assessments for carcinogens are being developed through an accelerated process in California as a part of the state's implementation of Proposition 65, the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act. Estimates of carcinogenic potency made by the California Department of Health Services (CDHS) are generally similar to estimates made by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The largest differences are due to EPA's use of the maximum likelihood estimate instead of CDHS' use of the upper 95% confidence bounds on potencies derived from human data and to procedures used to correct for studies of short duration or with early mortality. Numerical limits derived from these potency estimates constitute "no significant risk" levels, which govern exemption from Proposition 65's discharge prohibition and warning requirements. Under Proposition 65 regulations, lifetime cancer risks less than 10(-5) are not significant and cumulative intake is not considered. Following these regulations, numerical limits for a number of Proposition 65 carcinogens that are applicable to the control of toxic discharges are less stringent than limits under existing federal water pollution control laws. Thus, existing federal limits will become the Proposition 65 levels for discharge. Chemicals currently not covered by federal and state controls will eventually be subject to discharge limitations under Proposition 65. "No significant risk" levels (expressed in terms of daily intake of carcinogens) also trigger warning requirements under Proposition 65 that are more extensive than existing state or federal requirements. A variety of chemical exposures from multiple sources are identified that exceed Proposition 65's "no significant risk" levels.     

英语专业四、八级考试对英语教学的反馈--兼谈扩招后高校英语专业教学问题与对策

1997至2002年,英语专业四级统考全国平均总分和平均及格率呈现不断提高的趋势,八级统考全国平均分成绩较稳定,全国平均及格率也呈现不断提高的趋势,这反映了基础阶段和高年级阶段的教学质量稳步提高.然而,2003年四、八级的成绩有所下降,开始显示出扩招给英语教学质量带来一定的冲击.为防止教学质量进一步下滑,我们必须备好对策.     

Reforming against all odds: Multi‐pillar pension systems in the Czech Republic and Romania

Attempts to replace pay‐as‐you‐go pension schemes with private funded systems came to a halt in Central and Eastern Europe after 2005. However, more recently, the region has witnessed two belated reformers: the Czech Republic and Romania. Both countries decided to partially privatize pensions despite the rising tide of evidence concerning the challenges associated with the policy. We argue that while part of the domestic political elite remained supportive of private funded pensions, the difficulties experienced by earlier reformers and reduced support from International Financial Institutions led to the adoption of small funded pension pillars. Such cautious attempts at privatization might become more common in the future as large reforms have proven politically unsustainable.     

中美八年制医学博士教育发展的比较研究

八年制医学博士教育是我国医学教育国际化进程的重要改革举措,与世界发达国家如美国成功的八年制医学博士教育相比,我国的八年制医学教育发展规模较小,发展历程短,许多方面还有待完善和改进。应当借鉴发达国家医学高等教育的发展经验,全面调研我国八年制教育现况,完善我国八年制培养模式;及时调整不合理的培养模式;实施定期评估政策,有效保证我国八年制教育的质量。     

刑事司法语境中恶意欠薪入罪化的体系性反思

《刑法修正案（八）》新增拒不支付劳动报酬罪。国家机关是该罪的犯罪主体。欠薪行为人罪化的关键在于行为人具有恶意。“经政府有关部门责令支付仍不支付”的规定对关于恶意的证据认定做了有力补充。拒不支付劳动报酬罪为结果犯,影响该罪成立的是追诉时效。该罪的免责条款规定较为严格,而这实际上与该罪设立之初的立法原意相违背,应当予以修正。     

The Impact of Public Housing Policy on Family Social Work Theory and Practice

Social workers are the professionals most engaged with families living in low-income and subsidized housing and most familiar with the problems associated with inadequate housing. Yet the discussion of public housing policy has been left largely to economists and housing activists and the clear implications for family social work practice have not been made clear. To connect these critical policy and practice issues, this article provides a theoretical foundation and a review of the research supporting the use of housing vouchers to combat race and class segregation, joblessness, family breakdown, inferior public services, child abuse, mental illness and crime victimization.     

It's a long way to Auchterarder! 'Negotiated management' and mismanagement in the policing of G8 protests

Recent analyses of protest policing in Western democracies argue that there has been a marked shift away from oppressive or coercive approaches to an emphasis on consensus based negotiation. King and Waddington (2005) amongst others, however, suggest that the policing of international summits may be an exception to this rule. This paper examines protest policing in relation to the 2005 G8 summit in Gleneagles, Scotland. We argue that 'negotiated management' cannot be imported wholesale as a policing strategy. Rather it is mediated by local history, forms of police knowledge and modes of engagement. Drawing on interviews and participant observation we show that 'negotiated management' works best when both sides are committed to negotiation and that police stereotyping or protestor intransigence can lead to the escalation of any given event. In closing we note the new challenges posed by forms of 'global' protest and consider the implications for future policing of protest.     

高校档案的教育功能

高校档案含有丰富的教育内容 ,是德育教育的好教材。通过建立陈列室、举办展览、编印画册、制作录像片等形式可激发学生对科学知识的爱好 ,增强学生的爱国荣校之情     

Output-Flexibilität in der Dienstleistungsproduktion

Zusammenfassung  Den Ausgangspunkt der überlegungen bildet die Interpretation von Dienstleistungen als Probleml?sungen, die eine M?glichkeit zur formalen Analyse der Output-Flexibilit?t er?ffnet. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden in einer eigenschaftsorientierten Betrachtung zun?chst die Komponenten der Output-Flexibilit?t identifiziert, um dann darauf aufbauend ein Kalkül zur Gestaltung der Output-Flexibilit?t von Dienstleistungsunternehmungen abzuleiten.

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Summary  Output flexibility enables the service provider to cope with both uncertainties in demand and the external production factor. This paper aims at formulating a calculus for the design of output flexibility based on production theory. The interpretation of services as specific problem solutions serves as a basis for a feature-oriented modelling of service production.

Die Autoren danken zwei anonymen Gutachtern für wertvolle Verbesserungsvorschl?ge.     

对《刑法修正案（八）》累犯规定的解析与完善

《刑法修正案（八）》对《刑法》累犯制度作了较大幅度的修改,主要包括一般累犯主体条件的修改和特别累犯范围上的扩大。为消除理解上的歧义,本文主张一般累犯排除的未成年人只要求其为前罪时是未成年人,而为后罪时是否成年在所不问;特殊累犯的适用不应排除未成年人。基于对《修正案》若干不足的思考,本文建议特别累犯的前罪与后罪应限定为相同种类的犯罪;累犯应排除老年人,应取消对判处死刑缓期执行累犯的减刑限制;应将毒品再犯纳入特别累犯的范围中。