Deducing simple majorities from approval voting ballot data

An approval voting election allows each voter to vote for as many candidates as he wishes. The winner of such an election is the candidate with the most approval votes. Ballot data aggregated for individual voters tell how many voters voted for each subset of candidates. Given reasonable assumptions about what voters' ballots reveal about their preferences, this report shows what must be true of the ballot data in order to conclude that the electorate has a majority preference for one candidate over another. A simple corollary tells what must be true of the ballot data to conclude that the winner is preferred by a majority of voters to every other candidate. Both hypothetical and reconstructed ballot data from a mayoral election in Boston are used to illustrate the results. It is also shown that the likelihood of being able to draw conclusions about majority candidates tends to increase as voters tend to vote for fewer candidates.     

试论我国古代的市场管理制度——以简牍文书为中心考察

文章以考古发掘的古代简牍和文书为主要研究对象,结合传世史籍和资料,从法学、史学、经济学的视角,综合考察我国古代市场管理制度的发展演变历程。文章认为,在重农抑商的我国古代农业社会中,历代统治者都十分注重对市场的建设、规范和管理,不仅制定出完备而严密的市场管理法律制度,而且不遗余力地加以实施,实现了立法与执法的衔接,这些市场管理制度历代相传,不断演变发展和成熟,形成了自然经济条件下独特而鲜明的市场管理特色。     

《甩鞭》与《喊山》中的“身体”

葛水平的小说《甩鞭》与《喊山》中将人的身体定位在熟人社会。这一社会中身体本身即能成为人们实现需求的方式和目的,无需任何的掩饰。但是身体却不能摆脱其所处位置——生理位置与文化空间的束缚。     

杜牧与会昌灭佛——以其是否有“功德”于九华山佛教为中心

唐武宗会昌年间全国开展了一次大规模的“灭佛”运动,而据史料记载九华山佛教当时并未受到冲击,目前人们普遍认为时任池州刺史的著名诗人杜牧起到了保护九华的关键作用,有“功德”于九华佛教.通过仔细检阅《旧唐书》和《唐会要》等史书,可以发现这个观点有进一步商榷的余地.会昌灭佛对于僧尼还俗的要求非常严格,但在保留寺庙方面相对较为宽容,允许两都及上州留存部分制作精美的佛寺,因此以化城寺为主的九华山佛寺得以幸免于难.     

中国古文化中大山崇拜心理之探讨

中国古文化中有着深厚的大山崇拜心理。昆仑神山是大山崇拜心理的原初形态和终极代表。秦汉以降,五岳被异化成为现世中的昆仑神山,并继承了神山的职能角色。五岳封禅文化是大山崇拜心理的必然产物,也是其典型形态和成熟模式。     

缙云山风灾迹地恢复群落植物物种多样性

以缙云山自然保护区风灾迹地恢复群落5个样地调查资料为基础,研究了缙云山自然保护区风灾迹地恢复群落物种多样性的特征.结果表明：各样地间多样性指数测值变幅不大,物种多样性在群落不同层次的变化规律为：灌木层〉乔木层〉草本层.     

米仓山前缘震旦系灯影组天然气勘探前景探讨

通过对米仓山周缘震旦系灯影组露头沥青的详细勘测,证实了川北地区灯影组油气成藏的可能性,并提出该区曾发育过较大规模的古油藏。以岩石学、地球化学、地球物理为基础,详细分析了米仓山前缘地区震旦系灯影组生、储、盖等油气成藏静态条件;在米仓山地区构造演化研究的基础上,动态分析了该区灯影组圈闭及保存条件的发育与演化过程,认为米仓山前缘通南巴地区灯影组油气成藏四中心（生烃中心、生气中心、储气中心、保气中心）均为原地性,四中心耦合程度高,具有良好的油气勘探前景。     

重庆雪宝山自然保护区生态安全设计

介绍了重庆雪宝山自然保护区的基本情况、保护区自然资源的主要特色及其科学价值,论述了保护区生态安全设计的指导思想和原则,略述了该设计的主要内容。     

九华山佛教旅游文化的审美价值

九华山为我国四大佛教名山之一 ,首批列入国家级重点风景名胜区。千百年来 ,九华山就成为文人游客向往骏奔的圣地、香客僧尼顶礼膜拜的道场。九华山的旅游资源所以具有如此巨大的吸引力 ,就在于它富有独特的佛教文化。本文从旅游审美的视角 ,就僧尼传奇圣迹、寺庙建筑文化、山水的佛文化内涵及佛教的习俗等方面 ,探讨九华山佛教文化的特征 ,揭示其旅游的审美价值     

A Decision Theory Perspective on the Disposal of High-Level Radioactive Waste

In this paper the problem of high-level nuclear waste disposal is viewed as a five-stage, cascaded decision problem. The first four of these decisions having essentially been made, the work of recent years has been focused on the fifth stage, which concerns specifics of the repository design. The probabilistic performance assessment (PPA) work is viewed as the outcome prediction for this stage, and the site characterization work as the information gathering option. This brief examination of the proposed Yucca Mountain repository through a decision analysis framework resulted in three conclusions: (1) A decision theory approach to the process of selecting and characterizing Yucca Mountain would enhance public understanding of the issues and solutions to high-level waste management; (2) engineered systems are an attractive alternative to offset uncertainties in the containment capability of the natural setting and should receive greater emphasis in the design of the repository; and (3) a strategy of waste management should be adopted, as opposed to waste disposal, as it allows for incremental confirmation and confidence building of a permanent solution to the high-level waste problem.