被救助者失信行为的法律规制——以打破“救人反被诬陷”怪圈为中心

良好的人际关系和必要的信任心理既是社会运转的必然要求,更是构建和谐社会的核心内容。"救人反被诬陷"让人心寒,只会导致见死不救不断出现,并造成整个社会人际关系更加冷漠。打破"救人反被诬陷"的怪圈,不能一味责怪人心凉薄,也不能单纯诉诸道德感召。立法对被救助者失信行为的惩罚不力和司法对救助个案判决的失准是被救助者失信的重要原因。因此,应从立法和司法层面堵塞漏洞,通过立法加大对诬陷者的惩罚以矫正被救助者的失信行为,法院审理救助案件时应严格遵守举证规则,实现对救助者不被诬陷的权益保障,以营造一个有利于鼓励危难救助的安全社会环境。     

“江郎才尽”新解

“颠覆阅读”的“难以为继”，在文学史上的印证就是“江郎才尽”。对“江郎才尽”，文学史上有多种解释，此处认为，江淹是以“颠覆阅读”的手段来使自己的诗歌达到一种独特性，故意用一种怪诞或隐晦的文风，用一种奇哨怪仄的意境或修辞手段，来实现自己诗歌的新鲜感甚或冲击力，以震撼人们视觉、听觉，但这种文风难以为继，文学史告诉我们，“颠覆阅读”也是需要创新的。     

宪政运行的成本结构

分析宪政运行的成本结构，对于宪法实施、宪政评价和宪政社会的构建都有重要的时代意义。宪政运行成本就是宪政运行过程中所产生和付出的代价和费用，具有交易费用的性质。宪政运行的成本结构包括立宪成本、行宪成本、守宪成本和违完成本等。     

化妆品广告语的语用分析——从言语行为理论及礼貌原则谈化妆品广告语

在指令行为和承诺行为中,策略原则的作用最为显著,也最为有效,与其平行的宽宏准则的作用则明显较弱。同时,在表述行为和表情行为中,赞扬准则、谦虚准则的使用较为普遍。对于表述行为,赞同准则和同情准则也在其中得到了不同程度的应用。分析表明,化妆品广告语,总是在遵循以上的分类标准和礼貌准则的同时,试图运用更多的手段,在迎合消费者的同时,达到销售商品的目的。     

论唐代婚外性行为及其社会控制

唐代婚外性行为的发生主要有五个原因,即道德匮乏、婚姻不幸、长期分居、拥有特权和制度许可。根据行为对象的不同,唐代婚外性行为可分为六类,即亲属之间、主仆之间、上级与部属之间、与妓女之间、僧俗及僧人之间、一般人之间。婚外性行为严重违反了长期以来所形成的婚姻传统,败坏了社会风气,加剧了统治集团的腐败,尤其是容易引起各种纠纷,有些凶杀案件就由此而起。正因为如此,唐朝从三个方面对其进行了控制,即大力提倡贞操,反对偷情私通,改革婚姻习俗,减少旷男怨女,惩罚婚外性行为当事人及有关人员。     

Essentialism and Islamic Theology of Homosexuality: A Critical Reflection on an Essentialist Epistemology toward Same-Sex Desires and Acts in Islam

Although most traditional Muslim scholars condemn same-sex desires and acts, revisionist Muslim scholars have offered a more tolerant approach on this issue over the last two decades. Building on an essentialist approach to same-sex desires and acts, these scholars have argued that Islam accepts difference and diversity, including sexual diversity, as part of God’s creation. Homosexuality, which in their view is an innate disposition to the same sex, is an alternative sexuality and, thus, accepted by the Qur’an and Islam. This article argues that an essentialist approach is not suitable to defend all manifestations of same-sex desires and acts, not only because it is narrow (as it excludes both bisexual Muslims and homosexual Muslims who believe that their sexual orientation is socially constructed), but also because it cannot even argue the case for the view of homosexuality as inborn. This article proposes to open up the debate beyond essentialism and constructivism, which both have their limitations, to accommodate a more inclusive and tolerant Islamic approach to same-sex desires and acts.     

Pragmatics of Self- and Other-Reference in Young Children

During the first years of life, children come to understand and talk about a self separate from others. This study examined self- and other-reference and communicative intents expressed by children and parents in dyadic interaction at 14, 20 and 32 months. Research questions included whether children's early use of self- and other-reference pronouns occurred for expression of particular communicative intents, how use changed with age, and whether parent and child pragmatic expressions of self and other were similar. Results showed that children's early explicit reference to self tended to take the form of I rather than me/my/mine, and was used primarily in making statements about their intended actions, in making requests or proposals to their parents and in stating propositions about the world around them. Children during this developmental period were only beginning to refer to the present other with the pronoun you and these instances occurred primarily in making requests or proposals. Despite age-related increases in pronominal forms and intents, a small set of intents continued to provide the context for most self- and other-reference pronouns. In the communicative contexts in which they explicitly refer to self and other, children did not appear to exclusively mirror those which were observed in parental speech.     

Intention Understanding and Partner-Sensitive Behaviors in Young Children's Peer Interactions

Recent research on peer interaction shows that complex, coordinated play emerges around 24 months. Increased understanding of others' intentions has been proposed as a reason for its emergence at this juncture. In this study, we assessed understanding of the intentional structure of human action in children aged 19 to 39 months by eliciting verbal explanations of observed action. We hypothesized that more elaborated understanding of intention would be related to more partner-sensitive behaviors during interactions with familiar, same-age peers at home. We found that level of intention understanding predicted types of overtures made, types of objects offered, monitoring partner responses, partner compliance, and types of speech acts addressed to partners. Results are discussed in terms of the contribution of intention understanding to interactive competence, the role of linguistic competence in conceptual development, the effects of context on the production of speech acts and developing theory of mind.     

以言语行为分类模式重构英文商务信函的分类

以 Leech对言语行为的分类模式为基础 ,对英文商务信函重新分为合作类信函、和谐类信函、竞争类信函和冲突类信函等类。合作类信函突出简洁明了的语言特点 ,和谐类信函突出积极肯定的语言特点 ,竞争类信函突出亲切自然的语言特点 ,冲突类信函突出间接委婉的语言特点 ,这些语言特点的应用都是以突出交际双方的内在利益关系为前提的     

对中国英语教材中"建议"对话的研究

探讨了中国英语教材中＂建议＂对话是否符合英语本族语者的会话习惯。研究发现,教材对话中＂建议＂的三种答复类型的比例和英语本族语者存在显著差异;教材对话中＂延缓答复＂方式和本族语者不同;教材对话没能像本族语者那样采取＂相互肯定＂和＂转换话题＂等方式退出建议;教材中几乎没有任何（元）语用信息。在对这些现象产生的原因进行了分析的基础上,提出一些有针对性的教材改进方案。