Opposition to enlargement as a symbolic defence of group position: multilevel analyses of attitudes toward candidates' entries in the EU‐25

Despite the sociological and geopolitical significance of EU enlargement and opinion toward it, extant literature is lacking a theory of enlargement opinion and an examination of opinion in the wake of the 2004 enlargement. This paper fills these gaps by developing a symbolic defence of group position model to explain opposition to the entries of candidate states (as of 2005: Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, and Turkey) and to examine how these explanations differ for post‐Communist EU members. Results of hierarchical multinomial logistic models of Eurobarometer ( European Commission 2005 ) data from the EU‐25 support the notion that the symbolic nature of enlargement shapes the effects of interests, threat, and other factors on opinion depending on candidates' position in a culturally and historically‐rooted hierarchy of ‘European‐ness’. Attitudes toward Turkey's entry are less shaped by material interests than attitudes toward other candidates' entries, which is explained by Turkey's position at the bottom – and post‐Communist countries' position in the middle – of this hierarchy in the post‐Cold War era. Attitudes toward Turkey's entry are rather a function of the perceived threat that it poses to the group position and identity of Europeans, which is defended by the politically knowledgeable. While the lower levels of threat in post‐socialist EU member countries help to account for their lower levels of opposition to candidates' entries, people in these countries to a greater extent use European identity as a way of symbolically distancing themselves from Turkey. Implications are discussed.     

网络符号消费的动机和营销策略研究

利用网络丰富的信息资源和群体聚集性吸引网络受众参与的符号消费,是近年来互联网流行的商务模式.通过构建消费者行为影响因素基本模型,设计有效的调查问卷,在调查数据基础上,运用因子分析法,研究网络消费者符号消费行为的动机和影响因素.并从效用、好胜、求新、求廉、求名、体验等六个方面进行分析,给出了相应的营销策略和建议.     

称呼语及其语用功能

称呼语在人们的日常生活会话中广泛地被使用,本文除了从传统的角度介绍了称呼语的分类范畴,还以一种新的语用学角度来研究社会交流和文艺作品中的称呼语.这种称呼语的语用功能,比如其社会指示功能,礼貌标记功能,及在会话结构的分析中所起到的作用对于语言学和文学研究的结合有着重要的意义.     

孤高傲世的绝世风神--宋初晚唐体隐逸诗人的思想情怀

宋初晚唐体诗人大部分是隐逸之士,他们的诗歌虽然学习的是中唐诗人贾岛,但在贾岛奇僻清冷诗风的基础上又向平淡闲远发展,在平淡的艺术追求上实开宋诗的先河.而且,晚唐体隐逸诗人孤高傲世的绝世风神甚至成了宋代乃至后来人们心目中品质高洁的象征.因此研究晚唐体隐逸诗人的思想情怀对于我们认识晚唐体诗歌乃至宋代诗歌都有着重要意义.     

意识、经验和世界——康德和胡塞尔论人类经验的限度

20世纪主流哲学都把人类理性的限度作为主要问题来研究,康德和胡塞尔都从认知的主观理性形式和被给予直观的经验性质料两方面限定了人类经验的范围和界限, 同时也站在先验哲学的立场指明了经验自然科学的可能界限,为经验科学的发展奠定了理论的基础,但并未为人类经验知识和科学的发展提供富有价值的指引。     

The School Experiences of Same-Sex Attracted Students in the 14- to 19-Year-Old Secondary Sector in England: Within and Beyond the Safety and Tolerance Framework

SUMMARY

This article examines the social and political context within which lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) youth find themselves and, in doing so, a number of key issues are identified which have profound implications for the functions and responsibilities of schools in the United Kingdom. This article also considers how one secondary school and one Sixth Form College in south-east England are facilitating the gradual visibility of LGB students within a framework of safety and tolerance. In addition, attention is focussed on homophobic victimization identified by students and their experiences when disclosing sexual identity. Methods of data collection are outlined including focus groups with adolescent LGB identifying students, and a questionnaire survey distributed to 116 students (both heterosexual and LGB). Methodological issues are considered together with the difficulties of accessing same-sex attracted respondents and the ethical considerations which emerge as a consequence. Implications for policy and practice within the 14- to 19-year-old secondary sector and the possibility of moving beyond the framework of safety and tolerance are examined.     

Rethinking power in public relations

In the United Kingdom, popular sceptism about the merits of public relations has prompted self-reflection among practitioners and industry bodies. At the root of the public debate is the assumption that public relations wields unjustified social influence on behalf of already privileged organizational interests. The core concern of this discussion, therefore, is the power that a public relations has in democratic societies.     

Principal components of sample estimates: an approach through symbolic data analysis

This paper deals with the analysis of datasets, where the subjects are described by the estimated means of a p-dimensional variable. Classical statistical methods of data analysis do not treat measurements affected by intrinsic variability, as in the case of estimates, so that the heterogeneity induced among subjects by this condition is not taken into account. In this paper a way to solve the problem is suggested in the context of symbolic data analysis, whose specific aim is to handle data tables where single valued measurements are substituted by complex data structures like frequency distributions, intervals, and sets of values. A principal component analysis is carried out according to this proposal, with a significant improvement in the treatment of information.     

Asymptotic expansions of moments and cumulants

This paper shows how procedures for computing moments and cumulants may themselves be computed from a few elementary identities.Many parameters, such as variance, may be expressed or approximated as linear combinations of products of expectations. The estimates of such parameters may be expressed as the same linear combinations of products of averages. The moments and cumulants of such estimates may be computed in a straightforward way if the terms of the estimates, moments and cumulants are represented as lists and the expectation operation defined as a transformation of lists. Vector space considerations lead to a unique representation of terms and hence to a simplification of results. Basic identities relating variables and their expectations induce transformations of lists, which transformations may be computed from the identities. In this way procedures for complex calculations are computed from basic identities.The procedures permit the calculation of results which would otherwise involve complementary set partitions, k-statistics, and pattern functions. The examples include the calculation of unbiased estimates of cumulants, of cumulants of these, and of moments of bootstrap estimates.     

试论舍勒伦理学中的社群共同体

按照舍勒的观点,任何人在本质上都必然地存在于一定的社群共同体中,任何人及其所在的社群共同体都具有一定伦常价值。每一个拥有自觉意识的个体都是其所在共同体的缔造者,但从根本上讲,共同体所具有的内在价值本质又决定着其中个体的价值世界观的形成。因而,从伦常价值的意义上讲,在个体与共同体之间存在着本质互动的关联。