Girlz II women: Age‐grading,language change and stylistic variation

Informed by abstract models of language change or stability over time, we present a longitudinal study of two African American females, first interviewed as teenagers, and re‐recorded twenty years later. As teenagers, they used morpho‐syntactic features of AAVE voraciously. But as working adults, these women distance themselves from their teenage activities and social networks, and display a considerably reduced vernacular usage that accords with their articulated concern to get ahead. The diachronic interpretation that best characterizes their transformation is age‐grading rather than generational change, since change at the individual level is accompanied by stability at the community level. The picture is complicated by intermediate recordings showing that one of the speakers is a stylistic chameleon, capable since her teenage years of varying copula absence rates depending on addressee, topic, and projected persona. But the age‐grading interpretation of change at the individual level remains valid based on the evidence of her reduced use of habitual be2, and third singular present tense –s absence. The case highlights the importance of paying more attention to stylistic variation and including more than two time points in sociolinguistic studies of change in real and apparent time.     

前维京时代北欧与欧洲大陆的联系

考古学证据、历史语言学与人类学研究表明,由石器时代、铜器时代和铁器时代构成的前维京时代斯堪的纳维亚历史与欧洲大陆是密不可分的.     

Blood Money: Bayer’s Inventory of HIV-Contaminated Blood Products and Third World Hemophiliacs

This article presents an overlooked case of research misconduct and violations of basic principles of medical and business ethics. When Bayer’s Cutter Laboratories realized that their blood products, Factor VIII and IX or antihemophiliac factor (AHF), were contaminated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the financial investment in the product was considered too high to destroy the inventory. Cutter misrepresented the results of its own research and sold the contaminated AHF to overseas markets in Asia and Latin America without the precaution of heat treating the product recommended for eliminating the risk. As a consequence, hemophiliacs who infused the HIV-contaminated Factor VIII and IX tested positive for HIV and developed AIDS.     

The effects of male age on semen parameters: analysis of 1364 men attending an andrology center

Although the effect of maternal age on fertility is well known, it is unclear whether paternal age also affects fertility. The aim of this retrospective study was to establish an association between the age of the individuals from Medellin, Colombia with semen volume, rapid progressive motility (a), total progressive motility (a?+?b) and concentration. We evaluated semen volume using a graduated tube, progressive motility using light microscopy (40×) and sperm concentration using a Makler Chamber. Semen samples were grouped according to age into three arbitrary groups (≤ to 30 years; between 31 and 39 years; and ≥ to 40 years). The semen volume, rapid progressive motility (a) and total progressive motility (a?+?b), concentration and total sperm count were found to be inversely related to age (p?<?0.05). The reduction in semen parameters of 1364 men attending an andrology center was associated with increasing age of the individuals.     

Engendering Global Democracy

The inadequacies of hegemonic liberal democratic ideas and institutions have been exposed by feminist theorists focusing on the marginalisation of women and by global theorists examining the impact of globalisation. These theorists have developed two distinct sets of reconstructive strategies that, until very recently, have remained in ignorance of each other. Further, both feminist and global democratic schemes have been dogged by problems in terms of their theorisation of power, politics, agency and change. Recent feminist arguments about citizenship and governance go some way to bringing together concerns about gender inequality and globalisation, but they remain centred on states and the states-system as vehicles for democratic representation and participation. This article argues that a more radical reconstructive strategy can be derived from debates about the democratisation of feminism itself. Drawing on the responses of black and third world feminists to racism in the white-dominated feminist movement, and examining their influence on efforts to organise transnationally, the article points to innovative ways of thinking about power, politics, agency and change. Together these amount to a democratic framework which has applicability beyond feminist organising and which confronts the marginalisations of both gender and globalisation.     

Civil Society Research Funding from a Global Perspective: A Case for Redressing Bias,Asymmetry, and Bifurcation

This paper adopts a global perspective to review the current situation with respect to the systematic study of civil society. It locates the analysis in a geohistorical framework, arguing that, as a distinct area of scholarship, contemporary civil society research is a two-track post-Cold War phenomenon exhibiting major shortcomings. A new type of dedicated research financing and process of allocation could redress today's research limitations in ways that will beneficially cross-fertilize parallel approaches and epistemological traditions while increasing the spread of centers dedicated to such knowledge generation. The analysis leads to suggestions for a civil society research agenda and investment principles.     

Electronic monitoring,an alternative way of preventing aggression and helping social rehabilitation

Abstract

It has been said that Criminal Law is violence not only because of what it punishes, but also because of the way it does it. Violence is present in all human relationships, and as such, it is consubstantial to every system of social control. Despite this, the failure of imprisonment has not been its severity, but its inefficiency regarding social rehabilitation. This lack of efficiency can be palliated through the use of alternative systems of electronic monitoring in the penitentiary context. These alternative systems will not only enable an effective solution to the problem of overcrowded prisons, but will also mitigate the harmful effects of prison. Moreover, these alternative systems represent a good method to prevent future aggressions as well as to facilitate the offender's social rehabilitation. From this point of view, we will first explain the programs of electronic monitoring in Spain and second we will evaluate them in terms of social rehabilitation, cost-benefit analysis, human rights restrictions, privatization and overcrowding in prisons.     

十一届三中全会党认识和处理历史问题条件探微

本文主要论述了十一届三中全会党认识和处理历史问题的主、客条件,即十一届三中全会党能正确地认识和处理历史问题,是承继了党的传统,是历史发展的要求,是时代发展的要求,是党的战略发展的要求,是老一辈无产阶级革命家艰辛努力的结果。     

康乾时期京师文化的繁荣及其国际影响

"康乾盛世"是中国封建社会的辉煌时期,它在政治、经济、文化等很多方面,将中国传统社会推向了一个新的高峰。作为"康乾盛世"的核心,京师北京不可避免地在亚洲乃至世界的某些范围内受到人们的特别关注。在清代,朝贡体系覆盖了东亚的大部分地区,北京城处于这个体系中的核心地位。北京城对于朝贡国的影响力,不仅依托政治上的强势,也表现在思想文化上的强势。京师强势文化的产生,除了国家强盛的大背景之外,还有一系列的特殊的出自朝廷的高端文化举措。康乾时期另一个重要的文化现象是,进一步与西方文化接触,开始了超越朝贡体系的国际交往。历史显示,北京是古老文化的宝库,又是引领中国走向世界的先锋。北京的历史发展有其独特的经验,对其进行认真的总结,可以获得重要的启示。     

女性人口文化程度对其婚育状况的影响探析

本文以1995年全国1％人口抽样调查资料为基础，对女性人口文化程度与其早婚状况、平均初婚年龄．以及女性初婚年龄与其平均活产子女数间的相关关系进行了深入的定量分析．