20世纪初西方三大马克思主义思潮的先后问世与相互角逐

20世纪初,西方世界先后形成了三种不同的马克思主义思潮:一是由伯恩斯坦、考茨基等开创的第二国际传统的思潮;二是发端于俄国、苏联而由西方一些共产党理论家所全盘接受的第三国际传统的思潮;三是卢卡奇等人最早提出后又被法兰克福学派所继承和发展的"西方马克思主义"思潮。它们之间的争论在哲学上主要围绕着两个问题展开,第一个问题是马克思主义究竟是不是哲学?第二个问题是马克思主义哲学究竟是什么?这三种思潮在哲学上的争论与分歧是紧紧地同社会理论方面的争论与分歧联系在一起的。第二国际传统的思潮为当代资本主义辩护,主张对当代资本主义实施改良的态度;第三国际传统的思潮和"西方马克思主义"思潮对当代资本主义展开批判,主张对当代资本主义实施革命的态度。后两种思潮尽管都在批判资本主义社会,但是理论出发点截然有别。共产党的理论家出发点主要是马克思的社会矛盾运动理论和剩余价值学说,而"西方马克思主义"理论家出发点则是马克思的人道主义理论和异化劳动理论。     

试论《宣和遗事》的思想性

《宣和遗事》是一部现存较为完整并具有代表性的讲史话本小说,其中叙述的宋江等36人故事更是对后世《水浒传》的成书产生了极大的影响。从发掘作品思想性的角度对《宣和遗事》进行分析,可以较为清晰地展现作者贯穿始终的思想主旨和复杂的心理变化,一方面是强烈的爱国情怀与民族气节,另一方面是对宋徽宗从痛恨到扼腕再到怜悯的复杂心情。     

叱咤多风雨,道义荷铁肩

谭平山是中国革命史上的一位颇有影响力的革命家.但是,相对于他对中国革命所做出的历史贡献而言,理论界对谭平山的研究还是很不够的.他早年参加同盟会,又是创建中共党组织的早期重要领导人之一,曾创建“第三党”,反对蒋介石专制独裁,积极拥护和参加抗日民族统一战线、爱国民主运动,积极参与中国的建国工作.他以曲折而又光辉的一生为中国人民革命事业和社会主义建设事业、尤其是中国革命统一战线事业做出了卓越贡献.     

赵弘殷显德三年行迹考辨

通过对相关史料进行辨析,考证赵弘殷(宋太祖父)在后周显德三年中的行迹,以及其死亡时间、地点与原因,订正相关史籍如《宋史·太祖纪》《东都事略·太祖本纪》等的记事讹误,并对造成如此记事疏漏、失误的宋初政治背景予以辨析。     

The performance of subset response surface designs for estimating third order terms

Response surface designs are widely used in industries like chemicals, foods, pharmaceuticals, bioprocessing, agrochemicals, biology, biomedicine, agriculture and medicine. One of the major objectives of these designs is to study the functional relationship between one or more responses and a number of quantitative input factors. However, biological materials have more run to run variation than in many other experiments, leading to the conclusion that smaller response surface designs are inappropriate. Thus designs to be used in these research areas should have greater replication. Gilmour (2006) introduced a wide class of designs called “subset designs” which are useful in situations in which run to run variation is high. These designs allow the experimenter to fit the second order response surface model. However, there are situations in which the second order model representation proves to be inadequate and unrealistic due to the presence of lack of fit caused by third or higher order terms in the true response surface model. In such situations it becomes necessary for the experimenter to estimate these higher order terms. In this study, the properties of subset designs, in the context of the third order response surface model, are explored.     

Second and third party punishment under costly monitoring

In a laboratory experiment we study how costly punishment behavior of second and third parties in a social dilemma situation is affected by monitoring costs. Subjects have to pay a fee over and above punishment costs if they wish to condition punishments on previous play, which is equivalent to a binary choice between the acquisition of perfect information on the target subject’s behavior and no information at all. When monitoring is costly both second and third party punishment is weaker and less discriminate and hence generates weaker incentives for cooperation than when monitoring is free. There are subtle differences between second and third parties: The presence of monitoring costs leads subjects to withhold sanctioning more often as second parties than as third parties, and to punish indiscriminately more often as third parties than as second parties. The results contribute to the understanding of peer-enforcement of cooperation in social dilemmas and whether there is a common motivational structure underpinning second and third party punishment.     

The Role of Online Social Networking on Emotional Functioning in a Sample of Iranian Adolescents and Young Adults

The role of online social messaging applications on perceived stress, anxiety, and depression in relation to the moderating influence of age and gender in an Iranian sample was investigated in this study. A demographic questionnaire, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) were utilized in the present research. The resulting data indicated that social networking nonusers had significantly lower levels of anxiety and depression than users of Viber, WhatsApp, Line, Telegram, Tango, Instagram, Facebook, and other social networking applications. Users of WhatsApp, Viber, and other social networking applications had significantly lower levels of anxiety in comparison to users of the Line, Telegram, Tango, Instagram, and Facebook social networking applications. Young adults and females had a significantly higher anxiety level than adolescents and males in this sample.     

Bourdieu,Wharton and Changing Culture in The Age of Innocence

Although critics often attribute the failure of Edith Wharton's characters to achieve happiness to dichotomous, even mutually exclusive causes - that is, to deficiency of character or to force of circumstance - the theories of French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu help to illuminate the more complex cultural and literary project at the heart of Wharton's work. Bourdieu's notions of field, habitus and capital speak to the dynamic rather than static nature of social relations in The Age of Innocence, Wharton's penultimate novel about conflict between stultifying social conventions and imagined but seldom realized escapes from such restrictions. Bourdieu's work helps us to see how Wharton embraces fluid rather fixed notions of culture in both her fiction and life. Vacillating throughout the novel between love for May Welland and for Ellen Olenska, Newland Archer stands at a crossroads between the fields of marriage and romance - between social convention and individual desire. Pulled by the competing demands of these fields, he progressively loses capital in both. Wharton documents the process by which Archer becomes constrained by a habitus shared with May; she also demonstrates - through multiple examples of cultural transformation - the degree to which he creates his own experience of having missed ‘the flower of life’. Archer's problem, then, is not only the field in which he operates but his acceptance of the narrowness of this field. In contrast, through the character of Ellen Olenska as well as minor figures such as Catherine Mingott, Bob Spicer, Julius Beaufort, Emerson Sillerton and Dallas Archer, Wharton affirms the processes of social change and shows that, although one cannot help replicating social hierarchies and taste, one can participate in the constructing one's social destiny.     

The Nazi rag-pickers and their wine: the politics of waste and recycling in Nazi Germany

This article offers a first attempt to examine systematically the politics of waste and recycling in the Third Reich, one of the first modern states to articulate ‘zero waste’ as a political goal. It presupposes that waste, both in its material realities and its everyday representations, offers a powerful guide to any society's implicit order. With respect to Nazi Germany, the suggestion that such presumably neutral materials as trash, waste and garbage order social relations has particularly sinister implications. Focusing on scrap collectors and salvaging practices inside Germany and in Nazi-occupied Europe, this article argues that waste management and recycling were integral to the Nazi racial order and crystallized as central strategies to administer the chaos of war. Hundreds of thousands of volunteers in party, industry and society performed their loyalty and re-imposed order by collecting paper, bottles, metal scrap, kitchen garbage, rags and bones with the explicit goal of closing the energy cycle, extending the Reich's resource base and increasing the regime's war-making capabilities. In pursuit of these goals, the Nazi state attempted not only to conquer its many enemies but also to erase the evidence of its own proliferating military setbacks. These efforts notwithstanding, the reclamation of waste did not have the power to reverse the fortunes of war. The Nazi politics of zero waste recycled chaos instead.     

Performance measurement in the Third Sector: the development of a stakeholder-focussed research agenda

This paper addresses a need for greater insight into the theory and practice of performance measurement (PM) in the Third Sector (TS). Effective PM is crucial to the long-term viability of Third Sector organisations (TSOs), since it provides funders with the requisite evidence to demonstrate value for money and to convince them to provide further funding. It also serves to ensure that vulnerable societal groups receive the social care they need and that the internal management processes of TSOs continuously improve their effectiveness and sustainability. PM research has been scant in this sector and our literature review suggests that no extant models or frameworks are particularly suitable in this context, due in part to the wide range of stakeholders and the distinctive characteristics of TSOs. Drawing on a comprehensive review of the literature, we develop the conceptual foundation of PM in the Third Sector and derive a research agenda that provides a platform for future work. This draws in part on the notions embedded in Stakeholder Theory.