小说《大人物盖茨比》中的“美国梦”及人物象征

美国梦萦绕了一代又一代的美国人 ,许多人为这个梦想努力过、奋斗过 ,同时也失望过、伤心过 ,这些是 2 0世纪初美国作家们追逐的一个主题。菲茨杰拉德在小说《大人物盖茨比》中运用象征的手法 ,对小说主人公盖茨比的追求进行了多层次多角度的描写 ,不但赋予作品以丰富的历史内容 ,也使得小说峰回路转 ,余味无穷。     

简论第三世界共产党改革派的历史发展进程

在国际共运的历史进程中．第三世界共产党改革派是一支重要的力量。在它几十年的曲折历史中,有成功．有失败；有高潮。有低潮。今天，随着时代主题和国际国内形势的改变，它们积极创新理论，加强革命实践，仍然在为实现革命理想和奋斗目标而努力。改革派认为党的建设是共产党的重要任务和完成革命与社会主义建设的关键。     

The Pro‐Elderly Bias of Social Policies in Israel: A Historical‐Institutional Account

Accelerated population ageing and high voting turnout rates among elderly voters in recent decades have led many social scientists to predict increasing pro‐elderly biases in the social policies of mature welfare states. This article investigates and empirically estimates the evolving age orientation of social policies in Israel, which is a comparatively young society that has nevertheless aged significantly since independence in 1948. We present a historical and qualitative overview of the development of policy efforts towards different age groups and develop an Elderly/Non‐elderly Spending Ratio at four points in time between 1975 and 2005. We argue that in its first five decades, the Israeli welfare state uniquely combined a broadly universalistic and citizenship‐based outlook with a number of significant particularistic spending biases towards specific subgroups. But from the second half of the 1990s onwards, the pro‐elderly policy bias of the Israeli welfare state has strongly increased. These findings support Lynch's thesis for 21 OECD countries, which posits that a shift from a universal to a more occupationally based institutional model of welfare will result in a higher pro‐elderly bias of social spending.     

再探苏联勃列日涅夫时期对第三世界扩张之影响

勃列日涅夫时期苏联将第三世界当作与美国争霸的砝码,加紧扩张、渗透和争夺。过度扩张不仅给第三世界国家带来深重灾难和消极影响,而且也使得苏联背上了沉重的包袱,恶化了苏联的国际环境,毁坏了社会主义的形象和苏联的声誉,并最终拖垮了苏联。     

Aging and identity politics

In this essay, I reflect on multiple identities—woman, lesbian, old—as they interconnect at different life stages. I raise an issue of identity politics (Is “old” as fundamental an identity as “woman”?) and suggest that critical gerontology offers a lens through which to interpret my personal journey from a core feminist identity to a questioning and ambivalent identity as an old woman.     

中国配偶年龄差初步研究

配偶年龄差是婚姻的一个重要特征。本文运用2000年人口普查数据对我国配偶年龄差情况进行了初步研究。首先描述了我国配偶年龄差的总体状况，其次针对若干重要变量进行了单因素分析，最后引入其它控制变量使用多元线性回归模型进行了多因素分析。研究发现，我国配偶年龄差很小，且分布集中，近40年来呈现缩小的趋势。再婚、结婚年龄、教育程度等因素对配偶年龄差有明显的影响，且男性一方影响力大于女性。     

Identifying Childhood Age Groups for Exposure Assessments and Monitoring

The purpose of this article is to describe a standard set of age groups for exposure assessors to consider when assessing childhood exposure and potential dose to environmental contaminants. In addition, this article presents examples to show how the age groups can be applied in children's exposure assessments. A consistent set of childhood age groups, supported by an underlying scientific rationale, will improve the accuracy and comparability of exposure and risk assessments for children. The effort was undertaken in part to aid the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in implementing such regulatory initiatives as the 1997 Presidential Executive Order 13,045, which required all federal agencies to ensure that their standards take into account special risks to children. The standard age groups include: birth to <1 month; 1 to <3 months; 3 to <6 months; 6 to <12 months; 1 to <2 years; 2 to <3 years; 3 to <6 years; 6 to <11 years; 11 to <16 years; and 16 to <21 years. These age groups reflect a consideration of developmental changes in various behavioral, anatomical, and physiological characteristics that impact exposure and potential dose. It is expected that the availability of a standard set of early-life age groups will inform future analyses of exposure factors data as well as guide new research and data collection efforts to fill knowledge gaps.     

我国当代农村单人户研究

1982年以来,中国农村的单人户性别构成以男性为主体,其所占比例超过60%.单人户的年龄结构,男性以中青年为主,女性则以中老年为主.单人户的婚姻状况,男性以未婚比例最大,女性以丧偶居多.单人户大龄未婚男性与同龄已婚者相比,文盲率、小学以下低受教育程度率明显较高.30岁以上单人户妇女多数有存活子女,但单人户妇女无存活子女的比例大大高于同龄组所有家庭户妇女,并且3个以上存活子女的比例又比所有家庭户妇女低.无存活子女和少存活子女的妇女原来所生活的家庭(夫妇家庭和核心家庭)较易向单人户"转型".当代农村劳动力外出务工增加对特定年龄段单人户的形成起到提升作用.无论年青人,还是年老者,生活在单人户的可能性在增长.中国农村的大龄失婚和老年单人户的社会保障问题需要予以更多关注.     

第三代中央领导集体知识分子思想管窥

以江泽民为核心的中共中央第三代领导集体高度重视知识分子问题 ,在新的时代条件下 ,深化、拓广、升华了毛泽东、周恩来、邓小平关于知识分子的思想与政策 ,特别是明确肯定了知识分子在中国现代化主体中的中心地位和主导作用。     

“第三条道路”思潮对大学生的消极影响及对策分析

“第三条道路”思潮对我国大争生产生了严重的消极影响，它在一定程度上消解了马克思主义意识形态在大学生群体中的影响力，造成部分大学生放弃社会主义追求，误导了大学生对国际行为的判断等。造成这些负面影响的原因包括转型时期的国情、其理论的吸引力以及对“第三条道路”思潮批判不够等。构筑社会主义核心价值体系、加快实现社会主艾现代化以及加大，对“第三条道路”的批判力受为我们提供了消除其负面影响的途径。