美国政府救助无家可归儿童的机构、职能及运作分析

美国作为联邦制国家,其联邦、州及地方各级政府的权力分配是影响公共救助事业的关键因素。在无家可归儿童救助领域,美国各级政府建立起权责明确的职能部门,并通过项目管理的模式,形成了联邦政府主导、州与地方政府协调管理、非营利组织具体执行的分工协作式的无家可归儿童救助系统。美国政府在无家可归儿童救助事务方面的机构设置、项目运作、成效评估等几方面的经验值得我国在建设流浪儿童救助体系时学习借鉴。     

从对币制的干预和破坏看近代美国对中国的金融侵略与掠夺

币制的设计和改革本是一个独立国家的主权问题，但在近代半殖民地、半封建的旧中国，货币主权却受到了西方列强的践踏。自20世纪初，美国就通过对中国币制的干预和破坏，将中国货币变成美国货币的附庸，从而对中国的货币金融进行侵略和掠夺，给当时中国社会经济发展带来了严重的危害。     

Intergenerational-Multigenerational Relationships

Abstract

Multigenerational and intergenerational relations are used interchangeably by the United Nations in official documents. However, the terms are not universally considered synonymous. This article explores the origin of terminology usage and how these terms are used differentially in the literature on intergenerational relationships. It also places the discussion within a global framework by linking it to the United Nations Second World Assembly on Ageing and the International Plan of Action on Ageing Madrid 2002.     

解放战争后期美蒋"脱身"与反"脱身"的斗争

解放战争后期,美国为了应付国民党垮台后的局面,决定从中国内战中"脱身",逐渐远离国民党;而国民党蒋介石为挽救失败的命运,同美国进行了反"脱身"的斗争.     

美、澳两国移民政策的发展与演变

美、澳两国都是“移民之国”。从殖民地时期起 ,两国即形成不同的移民传统 :美国鼓励自由移民 ,澳大利亚则反对大规模移民。 19世纪末 ,排外主义和种族主义导致两国政府采取排斥和限制移民的政策 ,其实质是为维护白欧洲人的利益。二战后 ,两国本着充实和发展多元化社会的原则 ,调整政策向限制和选择移民的方向发展     

Who Holds the Stakes? A Case Study of Stakeholder Identification at Two Nuclear Weapons Production Sites

Traditional risk assessments, including those involving the United States Department of Energy (USDOE), are often criticized for producing useless or noncredible management responses because they did not meaningfully involve the public. The first step to involve the public is to identify appropriate active participants (stakeholders). This study was done to understand the processes used to identify stakeholders to serve on advisory boards established at the two largest remediation sites in the United States: the Hanford Nuclear Reservation in Washington state and the Savannah River Site in South Carolina. The Hanford stakeholder identification process produced an interest-based board whereas the Savannah River Site strategy produced population-based representation. The basic goals of the stakeholder advisory groups were similar. However, different processes were used to identify the participants for the groups in part because of distinctly different social and cultural conditions in the areas affected by the operations of the two facilities, and in part because of the different level of trust of the USDOE and their contractors at Hanford compared with Savannah River. The discussion analyzes their different needs and potential for successful citizen participation.     

The Transport System and Society’s Metabolism in the UK

This paper analyses the interrelation between the transport system and measures of resource consumption such as material and energy consumption over a 60-year period (1937–1997) in the UK. Non-motorized transport and time consumption for mobility are estimated in addition to conventional measures of transport. During the period analyzed, the UK population grew by 20% while transport of goods and persons increased more than threefold and material and energy consumption almost doubled. The transport intensity of domestic material input (DMI) doubled to 300 ton-kilometers (tkm) per ton of DMI while the transport intensity of domestic energy consumption (DEC) doubled to 20 tkm per gigajoule (GJ) of DEC. Thus, while the material and energy intensity of GDP declined significantly, a well-established trend in many advanced countries, the transport intensity of materials and energy consumption rose. These findings suggest a close link between transport, economic development, and long-term structural transformations. In the case of personal transport, a rebound effect was also observed: whereas the average speed of transport has greatly increased, the average number of hours per day devoted to personal transport has not declined.     

朝鲜战争中美国"战争局部化"政策的形成

朝鲜战争期间,美国的军事干涉经历了一个复杂的变化过程,即从1950年6月25日战争爆发后,美国政府决定将军事千预的目标确定为使朝鲜半岛恢复到6月25日以前的状态,后在军事胜利的影响下于9月底决定用武力统一朝鲜,再到中国人民志愿军连续发起三次战役后,美国政府内部经过反复讨论、权衡,终于下决心推行"战争局部化"的政策,并最终决定与中朝军队进行停战谈判.通过分析,揭示了从中国参战到1951年6月美国提出举行停战谈判这一时期的美国战争决策过程和影响美国决策的主要因素.     

美国民众对苏联态度的转变与“杜鲁门主义”的出台

二战结束后 ,美国杜鲁门政府便改变了战时与苏联合作的政策 ,举起反共大旗 ,对苏联进行遏制。然而 ,作为一个实行民选制度的国家 ,在制定如此重大政策时 ,不得不考虑民众的态度和意愿。为此 ,杜鲁门政府利用媒体不断批评、指责苏联 ,极力将苏联刻画为一个“极权主义国家” ,从而迅速转变了苏联在战时给美国民众留下的良好形象 ,为推行“冷战”政策奠定了民众基础。