1837-1857年英国对印度政策的调整与危机

19世纪30、40年代英国工业革命完成后,英国开始调整其在印度的殖民统治政策。1837年,维多利亚女王即位后,继续对印度进行殖民主义改造。维多利亚时代前期(1837—1857)英国对印度政策的调整,主要体现在1853年法案,以及根据法案精神进行的一系列改革上。英国政府继续进行殖民主义改造,实现了英国工业资本对印度的剥削。但是与此同时,英国在印度的统治出现了危机。1857年印度民族大起义既是这种危机的一种极端表现,又成了英国对印殖民统治历史的大界标。     

‘Subjects,Participants, Collaborators’

Existing accounts of new war have not actively engaged with feminist analysis. Protest masculinity is suggested as an alternative explanatory framework to conventional explanations of violence in new war. To explore the intersection between masculinity and new wars the example of Sierra Leone's Revolutionary United Front has been investigated. The article concludes that masculinity is an essential cause to the creation of new war and to the form that new war takes once it has originated.     

美、欧大举对华反倾销的贸易保护后果趋势分析

美国、欧盟大举对华反倾销措施并未完全达到其贸易保护目的，也未能遏制其经济发展的大幅度减缓。美国、欧盟的各个产业通过在华投资建厂已经逐步形成规模，其真正意图是借以逐步占领、垄断中国出口生产贸易市场。这应当是美国、欧盟贸易保护主义旗帜下对华反倾销的另一潜藏的战略目的。我国应当高度警觉，并迅速采取相关应对策略。     

Rethinking certification theory and the educational development of the United States and Germany

This essay places work certification at the center of all modern educational regimes. I sketch the growth of the education, training, and certification systems of the United States and Germany in new ways, highlighting the role of their highly divergent certification regimes in shaping them. Whereas Germany's education and training system, anchored in the economy through employers’ associations and unions, accords well with human capital models, American practice, governed primarily by academic interests divorced from the economy, fits much better with credentialist theory. I consider how the absence of meaningful work certification at the secondary level in the US negatively affects educational justice and has encouraged the creation of a costly, inegalitarian system of higher education. Finally, I conclude with an assessment of human capital, signaling, control, and credentialist theories of certification, one that finds them all to some degree wanting.     

Post-employment covenants in the United States: Legal framework and market behaviours

In response to fundamental market changes that are giving labour a much more central role in product market competition, employers often seek to extend their control over human capital beyond termination of the employment relationship. Although empirical studies are scarce, the use of restrictive post‐employment covenants is indeed believed to be widespread. But to what extent can employers lawfully restrict the freedom of their former employees? The author examines the criteria that courts in the United States have considered in balancing employers' legitimate economic interests against labour market efficiency and workers' post‐employment freedom and mobility.     

An Empirical Examination of Sexual Relations Between Adolescents and Adults

SUMMARY

The American view that adolescent-adult sexual relations are by definition “child sexual abuse” has spread throughout the Western world and reshaped public policy. This paper, originally presented as a talk, examines the scientific validity of this view. A historical perspective traces the conflation of the adolescent experience with rape, incest, and that of the young, prepubescent child. Biological and cognitive perspectives support the view that adolescents have more in common with adults than children. Sweeping claims that adolescents react as children are said to is critically tested by examining two types of relations-those between heterosexual teenage boys and women and those between gay or bisexual teenage boys and men. Non-clinical empirical data show overwhelmingly that such relations are characterized mostly by positive reactions based on consent if not initiative on the part of the minor, with perceived benefit rather than harm as a correlate. It is concluded that the American view is false, and that public policy that heightens official reaction to such relations, such as that currently proposed by the European Union, are either misinformed or disingenuous in alleging to protect when the motive is to control adolescents.     

Now What Do People Know About Global Climate Change? Survey Studies of Educated Laypeople

In 1992, a mental‐models‐based survey in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, revealed that educated laypeople often conflated global climate change and stratospheric ozone depletion, and appeared relatively unaware of the role of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions in global warming. This study compares those survey results with 2009 data from a sample of similarly well‐educated laypeople responding to the same survey instrument. Not surprisingly, following a decade of explosive attention to climate change in politics and in the mainstream media, survey respondents in 2009 showed higher awareness and comprehension of some climate change causes. Most notably, unlike those in 1992, 2009 respondents rarely mentioned ozone depletion as a cause of global warming. They were also far more likely to correctly volunteer energy use as a major cause of climate change; many in 2009 also cited natural processes and historical climatic cycles as key causes. When asked how to address the problem of climate change, while respondents in 1992 were unable to differentiate between general “good environmental practices” and actions specific to addressing climate change, respondents in 2009 have begun to appreciate the differences. Despite this, many individuals in 2009 still had incorrect beliefs about climate change, and still did not appear to fully appreciate key facts such as that global warming is primarily due to increased concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and the single most important source of this carbon dioxide is the combustion of fossil fuels.     

被塑造的小角色——东帝汶走向民族国家的进程

通过考察东帝汶1974年到2002年走向民族国家进程的历史发现，东帝汶的命运在一定程度上是被大的国际环境和大国力量所塑造的。非殖民化浪潮、葡萄牙新政府的上台、印尼的入侵、美国等国对东帝汶的漠视、冷战的终结、亚洲金融危机的爆发等先后成为塑造东帝汶命运的因素。甚至东帝汶人的团结反抗也是被印尼的高压所催生的。     

“跑警报”背景下的西南联大教授

1938—1941年间，在日军对昆明的频繁空袭下，“跑警报”成为联大教授日常生活的一部分。为了躲避日军的空袭，西南联大的部分教学研究机构和教授们疏散于昆明城郊各处。同时，日军的频繁空袭严重影响了昆明的物资流通，致使物价飞涨．生活费用大大提高，西南联大的教授们不得不为衣、食、住、行而奔波。在“跑警报”中，联大教授有的从容．有的狼狈；他们或以读书，或以闲聊来消磨躲警报的时间。难能可贵的是，西南联大的教授们竟然从“跑警报”这种在日军空袭下不得已的生存方式里，找到一些生活的乐趣，体会出些许积极意义。     

从“马萨诸塞州等诉环保局”案看美国环境法的新进展

美国联邦最高法院于2007年4月就"马萨诸塞州等诉环保局"案作出判决后,在美国国内产生广泛影响。在美国十多个州的推动下,美国联邦最高法院对该案的判决不仅进一步完善了环境法中的"起诉资格"理论,而且判决将推动美国环境保护局在控制全球变暖、减排温室气体特别是机动车排放上有所作为。联邦最高法院的这一判决也将对美国未来的环境和能源立法与政策产生巨大影响。