洪武永乐时期明朝与西域诸“地面”的关系

明初西域除东察合台汗国和帖木儿帝国两个势力强大的帝国外,还有一些大小不等的“地面”,学界对诸“地面”则鲜有涉猎.洪武永乐时期,与明朝关系相对密切的当是在东察合台汗国控制下的土鲁番、哈刺火州、柳城和于阗等.这一时期,瓦刺进入西域,并与东察合台汗国展开了角逐,瓦剌在西域地区的兴衰变化不仅对当时西域局势产生重要影响,而且对以后西域历史的发展影响深远.     

论90年代以来联合国视域下中国的反霸思想

反对霸权主义,维护世界和平是世界各国人民的一项长期的历史任务,也是中国政府一贯的原则立场和对外政策的纲领。20世纪90年代以来,随着国际形势的变化和中国国力的提升,中国两代领导集体在联合国舞台上反霸思想的内涵日益丰富,反霸的方式和策略日益成熟,充分体现了中国＂负责任的发展中大国＂的良好形象。     

联合国与“国家人权机构”的萌生和发展——基于史料的考察与分析

自联合国成立之初,专家和学者们就开始探索如何在国家层面上设立有效落实国际人权条约的人权保护机制.这些努力的成果之一就是1993年联合国大会决议认可的"国家人权机构"模式的确立.由此而诞生的"巴黎原则"被认为是设立国家人权机构的最低标准.在联合国大会、宪章机构、条约机构以及联合国人权高专办等机构的协力推动下,以"巴黎原则"为标准设立的国家人权机构已遍布世界各大洲.     

Social Inclusion or Market Competitiveness? A Comparison of Rural Development Policies in the European Union and the United States

The language of EU rural development policy appears more interested in social inclusion and that of US policy more interested in market competitiveness. We seek to determine why policies directed at rural development in the EU and the USA differ. In both contexts new rural development policies emphasize partnership and participation but we find local participation is used to promote social inclusion in the EU and market competitiveness in the USA. An examination of these dimensions illustrates important transcontinental differences and similarities in rural development policies. We explore the socio‐historical reasons for differences in the commitment to social inclusion, while also noting similarities in the priority of market competitiveness.     

中美八年制医学博士教育发展的比较研究

八年制医学博士教育是我国医学教育国际化进程的重要改革举措,与世界发达国家如美国成功的八年制医学博士教育相比,我国的八年制医学教育发展规模较小,发展历程短,许多方面还有待完善和改进。应当借鉴发达国家医学高等教育的发展经验,全面调研我国八年制教育现况,完善我国八年制培养模式;及时调整不合理的培养模式;实施定期评估政策,有效保证我国八年制教育的质量。     

国外城市林业图片信息采集与分析——以美国、德国、澳大利亚、日本为例

笔者从图片文献学的角度对城市林业学科的景观特性进行分析研究。通过所收集的国外城市城市林业图册,选择有代表性的美国、德国、澳大利亚和日本等四个国家的图册进行分类处理、分析。总结了这些国家的城市生态建设特点和模式。     

Too old to test? Prevalence and correlates of HIV testing among sexually active older adults

ABSTRACT

Older adults account for 17% of new HIV diagnoses in the US and are more likely to be diagnosed with HIV later in the course of the disease compared to younger people. We calculated the prevalence and associated factors of having ever been tested for HIV among sexually active older adults. We analyzed data from the 2008–2016 General Social Survey Limited to respondents ≥65 years of age who reported more than one sex partner(s) in past 12 months (n = 757). HIV testing prevalence, prevalence ratios, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by demographic variables and HIV-related risk behaviors. An estimated 16.3% of sexually active older adults have tested for HIV, and 15.9% were at increased risk for HIV infection (reported injection drug and/or crack–cocaine use, exchanging money for sex, more than three sex partners in the past year, or men who reported having sex with another man). In the adjusted model, adults aged 65–70, not married, self-identified as gay/bisexual, and at increased risk for HIV infection were more likely to have tested for HIV. An estimated 83.7% of sexually active older adults never tested for HIV. Strategies are needed to increase HIV awareness and testing among potentially high-risk older adults.     

社会工作实习联合督导浅析

社会工作实习联合督导是由社工院系与与专业机构或社区共同为学生提供集中实习训练和实习的督导制度,在美国已经相当成熟。在不同实习阶段的专业督导过程中,院系和机构的督导有不同的角色定位与工作内容,笔者对此进行了总结。     

Three Korean perspectives on U.S. internet public diplomacy

This study identifies perspectives of relationships publics have about countries other than their own and examines whether publics engaged through social media-based public diplomacy programs demonstrate different relationship perspectives. Q methodology and survey research were used to investigate these issues. Data come from South Korean adult internet users, including members of Café USA, an online community run by the U.S. Embassy in Seoul. Three relationship perspectives were identified: outcome-based, sincerity-based, and access-based. Compared with other groups, Café USA members put more emphasis on sincerity in their relationships with the United States. The results of this study indicate that individuals’ subjectivity should be considered as far more contextualized and nuanced than has been the case in previous research on national image or country reputation.     

Toward Understanding the Adjustment Problems of Foreign Families in the College Community: The Case of Japanese Wives at the Harvard University Health Services

Abstract

Four hundred fifty-six undergraduates at a Scottish university completed the Core Alcohol and Drug Survey, an instrument widely used in the United States to examine the nature, scope, and consequences of alcohol and other drug use on college campuses. The Scottish students were found to drink more frequently, consume more alcohol, and engage in binge drinking more often than their American counterparts. The Scottish students also demonstrated higher rates of hangovers, missed classes, and blackouts than the Americans, but the percentage of American students who had driven while intoxicated was greater than that of the Scots. Focus groups of students in Scotland and interviews with student affairs personnel and local officials indicated that student drinking is not generally viewed as a problem because extensive alcohol use appears to be part of Scottish culture and is readily accepted. Students reported that their drinking, other than in pubs, was spread out over time and was associated with eating and social activities. At student social events where alcohol was served, there was little evidence of loud, inappropriate, aggressive, or otherwise rowdy behavior; drinking appeared to be handled in a more controlled, safe, and responsible way than among US college students.