解放战争后期美蒋"脱身"与反"脱身"的斗争

解放战争后期,美国为了应付国民党垮台后的局面,决定从中国内战中"脱身",逐渐远离国民党;而国民党蒋介石为挽救失败的命运,同美国进行了反"脱身"的斗争.     

美、澳两国移民政策的发展与演变

美、澳两国都是“移民之国”。从殖民地时期起 ,两国即形成不同的移民传统 :美国鼓励自由移民 ,澳大利亚则反对大规模移民。 19世纪末 ,排外主义和种族主义导致两国政府采取排斥和限制移民的政策 ,其实质是为维护白欧洲人的利益。二战后 ,两国本着充实和发展多元化社会的原则 ,调整政策向限制和选择移民的方向发展     

Who Holds the Stakes? A Case Study of Stakeholder Identification at Two Nuclear Weapons Production Sites

Traditional risk assessments, including those involving the United States Department of Energy (USDOE), are often criticized for producing useless or noncredible management responses because they did not meaningfully involve the public. The first step to involve the public is to identify appropriate active participants (stakeholders). This study was done to understand the processes used to identify stakeholders to serve on advisory boards established at the two largest remediation sites in the United States: the Hanford Nuclear Reservation in Washington state and the Savannah River Site in South Carolina. The Hanford stakeholder identification process produced an interest-based board whereas the Savannah River Site strategy produced population-based representation. The basic goals of the stakeholder advisory groups were similar. However, different processes were used to identify the participants for the groups in part because of distinctly different social and cultural conditions in the areas affected by the operations of the two facilities, and in part because of the different level of trust of the USDOE and their contractors at Hanford compared with Savannah River. The discussion analyzes their different needs and potential for successful citizen participation.     

The Transport System and Society’s Metabolism in the UK

This paper analyses the interrelation between the transport system and measures of resource consumption such as material and energy consumption over a 60-year period (1937–1997) in the UK. Non-motorized transport and time consumption for mobility are estimated in addition to conventional measures of transport. During the period analyzed, the UK population grew by 20% while transport of goods and persons increased more than threefold and material and energy consumption almost doubled. The transport intensity of domestic material input (DMI) doubled to 300 ton-kilometers (tkm) per ton of DMI while the transport intensity of domestic energy consumption (DEC) doubled to 20 tkm per gigajoule (GJ) of DEC. Thus, while the material and energy intensity of GDP declined significantly, a well-established trend in many advanced countries, the transport intensity of materials and energy consumption rose. These findings suggest a close link between transport, economic development, and long-term structural transformations. In the case of personal transport, a rebound effect was also observed: whereas the average speed of transport has greatly increased, the average number of hours per day devoted to personal transport has not declined.     

朝鲜战争中美国"战争局部化"政策的形成

朝鲜战争期间,美国的军事干涉经历了一个复杂的变化过程,即从1950年6月25日战争爆发后,美国政府决定将军事千预的目标确定为使朝鲜半岛恢复到6月25日以前的状态,后在军事胜利的影响下于9月底决定用武力统一朝鲜,再到中国人民志愿军连续发起三次战役后,美国政府内部经过反复讨论、权衡,终于下决心推行"战争局部化"的政策,并最终决定与中朝军队进行停战谈判.通过分析,揭示了从中国参战到1951年6月美国提出举行停战谈判这一时期的美国战争决策过程和影响美国决策的主要因素.     

美国民众对苏联态度的转变与“杜鲁门主义”的出台

二战结束后 ,美国杜鲁门政府便改变了战时与苏联合作的政策 ,举起反共大旗 ,对苏联进行遏制。然而 ,作为一个实行民选制度的国家 ,在制定如此重大政策时 ,不得不考虑民众的态度和意愿。为此 ,杜鲁门政府利用媒体不断批评、指责苏联 ,极力将苏联刻画为一个“极权主义国家” ,从而迅速转变了苏联在战时给美国民众留下的良好形象 ,为推行“冷战”政策奠定了民众基础。     

论默许恐怖分子活动国家的国家责任

"9.11"事件后联合国安理会反恐决议填补了现行国际法的空白,加诸各国不得默许恐怖分子在其境内活动的义务。美国完全可以依法追究阿富汗的国家责任,以有效打击国际恐怖主义。今后,各国都应严格遵守安理会决议确立的国际法义务,坚决制止某些国家默许恐怖分子在其境内活动,同时还需加强合作,进一步完善反恐国际法。     

"士"与战国时期的传播艺术

在社会性质由奴隶制向封建制转化的春秋战国时期,"士"在政治、经济、军事、外交活动中充任着重要的角色,逐渐取代周代以前的"巫史",成为当时社会传播活动的主体,他们通过游说诸侯、聚徒讲学、记言记事等方式,向诸侯、学生及大众传播自己的思想观念,而这种种不同的传播方式又展示出他们在论辩艺术、教育艺术和叙事艺术方面的高超智慧.     

元赋“祖骚宗汉”论

文章认为,“祖骚宗汉”实质上是元人不满于律赋的偏尚俳偶与文赋的倾于理趣,却又缺少情感或藻彩而提出的一个辞赋革新的口号。在这面旗帜下,元赋作家学习楚辞,宣泄失志之悲,驰骋想象,展开入地升天的描写;也学习汉赋的颂美皇家和铺陈讽谏。这些努力强化了元赋的抒情性和生动性,复兴了古赋的宏大气势,使之获得较高的文学价值,并奠定了明清辞赋以古为主的格局。元赋的不足是思想境界稍欠高迥,也缺少全新的创造。