Effects of fragmentation and trampling on carabid beetle assemblages in urban woodlands in Helsinki, Finland

We studied the effects of fragmentation (edge effects and patch size) and trampling (path cover) on carabid beetle assemblages in urban woodland patches in Helsinki, Finland. We expected that (1) open habitat and generalist species would benefit and forest species would suffer from increased woodland fragmentation, and (2) most carabid species would respond negatively to increased levels of trampling. A total of 2088 carabid individuals representing 37 species were collected. A cluster analysis distinguished sites in the interior of large woodland patches, with low or moderate path cover, from the other sites. The other sites did not cluster meaningfully, suggesting increased variation in the carabid fauna with increasing human impact. All species and ecological species-groups decreased with increasing distance from the edge toward the woodland interior and with increasing patch size. This pattern is in accordance with our expectation for open habitat and generalist species but opposite to what we expected for forest species. The reason for these surprising results may be that (1) the species we collected are not true forest interior species, (2) urban woodland edges are optimal habitats for many forest carabids, or (3) edges are actually sub-optimal, and high catches simply reflect increased activity of beetles moving away from the edge. Trampling did not have an overall negative effect on carabids as hypothesized. Species associated with moist forest habitat responded as predicted: they decreased in abundance with increasing path cover. Furthermore, open habitat species decreased with increasing path cover but more straightforward than we had predicted. Model elaboration, by dropping the highly trampled sites from the analyses, suggested that our data of high trampling may be too scarce: the results without these sites were more in accordance with our predictions than with the full dataset.     

Evaluating a human service program: Employing the judicial evaluation model

The emergence of adversarial models as an approach to formative and summative evaluations is gaining recognition among educational research professionals. The implementation of the Judicial Evaluation Model (JEM), as described in this article, is the first application to a human service employment and training program. Evaluation questions raised within the study were designed to assess the efficacy of linkage arrangements between the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) prime sponsors and education service providers in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The four stages of the JEM and its application to CETA are discussed, the panel findings are reported along with noted pitfalls and strengths, suggested guidelines for implementation, and a few recommendations.     

大学城周边产业集群与城市良性互动发展研究

由于高等教育办学规模的扩大和新技术革命的需求，各国先后兴建起大学城，并且大学城周边出现了与教育相关的科研机构、企业集群和生活服务产业集群。大学城周边产业集群对城市发展产生的互动效应主体现在经济集聚效应、经济辐射效应、外部正效应和投资乘数效应四方面，由分析可知产生良性的互动效应，政府、高校、科研机构、企业必须进行资源共享和有效合作，积极引导集群内企业与高校在产业结构和学科结构上相互融合，协同创新，加快产学研一体化进程，进而促进城市产业结构的优化和区域经济的增长。     

草原牧歌、乡村悲歌与城市挽歌的交响——王新军小说论

作为第三代西部小说家中的佼佼者,王新军的创作个性鲜明,风姿多态。在草原牧歌、乡村悲歌与城市挽歌的交响中,较为完整、全面和深刻地体现了千里河西走廊丰富多元的人们的生存样态和精神状况,极大拓展了当代中国西部文学的审美边界和文化色谱。     

Neighborhood history as a factor shaping syringe distribution networks among drug users at a U.S. syringe exchange

Throughout the U.S., high visibility drug markets are concentrated in neighborhoods with few economic opportunities, while drug buyers/users are widely dispersed. A study of Pittsburgh Syringe Exchange participants provides data on travel between and network linkages across neighborhoods with different levels of drug activity. There are distinct racial patterns to syringe distribution activity within networks and across neighborhoods. Pittsburgh's history suggests that these patterns emerge from historical patterns of social and economic development. Study data demonstrate the ability of IDUs to form long-term social ties across racial and geographic boundaries and use them to reduce the risk of HIV transmission.     

An Ecological Approach to Examining Cumulative Violence Exposure Among Urban,African American Adolescents

Using an ecological approach, this study examined experiences with community, family, and partner violence within a sample of 280 urban, African American high school students. The prevalence of each type of violence by gender, associations between severe violence exposure, and the rate of exposure to multiple types of violence were examined. Findings include high rates of exposure to each type of violence, with significant gender differences on several indicators of community violence and intimate partner violence victimization; among the female students, associations between each type of severe violence exposure; and a very high rate of exposure to two or more types of violence. Implications for social work practice are discussed.     

缩小我国城乡青少年网络应用差距的思考

目前我国青少年群体的网络应用规模不断扩大,应用范围逐渐广泛,并在向着持续健康的方向发展,但是目前城乡青少年网络应用还存在着较大差距,如何缩小这种差距,并逐步引导城乡青少年合理有效地利用网络还需进一步探讨。     

Local economic development and urban poverty alleviation: the experience of post-apartheid South Africa

Urban poverty is a policy issue of growing significance in post-apartheid South Africa. In terms of the new Constitution the developmental role of local governments is given considerable attention. Against a background analysis of the best practice of local anti-poverty strategies in the developing world, this paper reviews the experience of eight case studies of local economic development (LED) initiatives. The case studies review a cluster of research findings from South African metropolitan areas (Midrand, Port Elizabeth, inner-city Durban, Khayelitsha and Winterveld) followed by issues from secondary cities (Nelspruit, Harrismith) and small towns (Stutterheim). A key conclusion from the experience of post-apartheid South Africa is that LED practitioners are currently struggling to find means to integrate their LED initiatives with the task of poverty alleviation.     

EMME／2在武汉市的应用

将ＥＭＭＥ／２用于武汉市１９９８年的综合交通分析，作者在交通基本数据的产生、调查结果的调整和一些重大项目的预测中均采用了ＥＭＭＥ／２。在应用过程中，作者对结果的充实和软件的高效非常满意，但也发现了一些问题，我们期望ＥＭＭＥ／２中文化，友好的窗口与ＧＩＳ的连通等方面作些改进，使其能得到更常规与广泛的应用。     

The evolution of the World Bank's urban lending in Latin America: from sites and services to municipal reform and beyond

This paper traces the evolution of urban policies promoted by the World Bank in Latin America over the past three decades. The retrospective starts with an overview of the changing perspectives on development during the 1950s and 1960s, which eventually led to the onset of urban lending programs in the 1970s. It then analyzes the policies toward the urban sector promoted by the World Bank during the 1980s and 1990s in the context of the overall development paradigm that prevailed in the institution at the time. It concludes by outlining the generation of urban policies that is currently emerging. The analysis indicates that the evolution of the World Bank's policies has not been the result of a carefully master-minded strategy but, instead, of a myriad of factors, including conceptual shifts in the prevailing economic models, learning by doing, the influence of individuals such as McNamara, and internal and external criticisms.