The declining influence of family background on educational attainment in Australia: The role of measured and unmeasured influences

The paper examines changes in the influence of family background, including socioeconomic and social background variables on educational attainment in Australia for cohorts born between 1890 and 1982. We test hypotheses from modernization theory on sibling data using random effects models and find: (i) substantial declines in the influence of family background on educational attainment (indicated by the sibling intraclass correlations); (ii) declines in the effects of both economic and cultural socioeconomic background variables; (iii) changes in the effects of some social background variables (e.g., family size); (iv) and declines in the extent that socioeconomic and social background factors account for variation in educational attainment. Unmeasured family background factors are more important, and proportionally increasingly so, for educational attainment than the measured socioeconomic and social background factors analyzed. Fixed effects models showed steeper declines in the effects of socioeconomic background variables than in standard analyses suggesting that unmeasured family factors associated with socioeconomic background obscure the full extent of the decline.     

均值不等式的八种证法

由于不等式本身在数学中的重要地位以及不等式的证明的困难性,使不等式的证明方法成为数学领域内的热门问题.本文拟将介绍均值不等式的算术归纳法、局部调整法、排序原理、不等式法、几何方法、变量替换法、归纳原理、逐次调整法等八种证明方法,归纳总结出不等式证明技巧,进而提高学习者不等式探究能力和证明方法.     

柯西不等式的改进

对柯西不等式的一个改进下界作了进一步推广 ,并给出了它的若干应用例子     

一个-4λ齐次核的Hilbert型积分不等式

以Hilbert不等式为代表的双线型不等式是分析学的重要不等式．近代。由于改进了权系数方法及引入独立参量,使该类不等式的推广应用研究得到深入发展．该文通过引入参数及估算权系数,建立了一个核为-4λ齐次的Hil—bert型积分不等式。同时给出了相应的等价形式及一些特殊结果．     

教育不平等的测度及与收入分配的关系

教育是人力资本形成的重要途径,公平的教育分配对基础广泛的经济增长与贫困的减少具有显著的重要性。在教育与收入分配关系的理论与实证研究中,已有不少文献从教育存量角度对其进行探讨,然而专门从教育不平等角度进行的研究则不多。文章首先对国外有关教育不平等系数的测定方法进行总结与评述,随后从理论与实证两个层面对教育不平等与收入分配的关系研究进行评述,并在既有研究的基础上,对相关后续研究提出进一步的研究思路。     

Bandwidth selection for local linear regression smoothers

Summary. The paper presents a general strategy for selecting the bandwidth of nonparametric regression estimators and specializes it to local linear regression smoothers. The procedure requires the sample to be divided into a training sample and a testing sample. Using the training sample we first compute a family of regression smoothers indexed by their bandwidths. Next we select the bandwidth by minimizing the empirical quadratic prediction error on the testing sample. The resulting bandwidth satisfies a finite sample oracle inequality which holds for all bounded regression functions. This permits asymptotically optimal estimation for nearly any regression function. The practical performance of the method is illustrated by a simulation study which shows good finite sample behaviour of our method compared with other bandwidth selection procedures.     

Jensen不等式在导出和证明几何不等式中的应用

本文给出 Jensen 不等式在导出和证明几何不等式中的应用,揭示出一些几何不等式的来历及寻求证明的技巧。     

不等式｜A＋B｜~s≥｜A｜~s＋｜B｜~s及其应用

给出了一类矩阵的行列式的不等式｜Ａ＋Ｂ｜ｓ≥｜Ａ｜ｓ＋｜Ｂ｜ｓ，而Ｍｉｎｋｏｗｓｋｉ不等式及其推广均可视为这一结果的简单推论．     

Separate and Unequal: The Housing Act of 1968 and the Section 235 Program

In recent years scholars have identified racial disparities in wealth and home ownership as crucial factors underlying patterns of racial inequality and residential segregation in American metropolitan housing markets. While numerous federal housing policies have been identified as responsible for reinforcing residential segregation and racial inequalities in home ownership, little research has focused on the segregative effects of the Section 235 program. As one component of the 1968 Housing Act, Section 235 was designed to shift the focus of federal housing policy away from dispensing aid to local housing authorities for building public housing to providing direct supply-side subsidies to the private sector to stimulate home ownership for nonwhites and the poor. Archival and census data, government reports and housing analyses, and oral histories and interviews are used to examine the segregative effects of the Section 235 program in Kansas City, Missouri from 1969 through the early 1970s. Findings indicate that while the housing subsidy program allowed a vast majority of participating white families to purchase new housing in suburban areas, most participating African American families purchased existing homes located in racially transitional neighborhoods in the inner city. These findings corroborate recent research showing how the market-centered focus of federal housing policy has impaired the ability of African Americans to accumulate wealth through home ownership and reinforced racially segregative housing patterns.     

Inequality and welfare evaluation of heterogeneous income distributions

This paper establishes the principles that should govern the welfare and inequality analysis of heterogeneous income distributions. Two basic criteria – the equity preference condition and the compensation principle – are shown to be fundamentally incompatible. The paper favours the latter, thereby vindicating the traditional method of dealing with heterogeneous samples. However, inequality and welfare comparisons will usually be well defined only if equivalent incomes are obtained using constant scale factors; and researchers will need to distinguish clearly between inequality of nominal incomes and inequality of living standards. Furthermore, household observations must always be weighted according to family size.