当代女中学生的人格特点及教育对策

采用问卷法调查了772名女中学生的人格特点,辅以346名男中学生作对照.得出以下结论:(1)女中学生的自尊、自立需要、发展个性的需要、归宿的需要、求助的需要比男生强烈,男生的成就需要、对学习环境的需要、发展体力的需要、物质享受的需要比女生强烈;(2)女中学生意志的独立性不如男生,差异极显著(P＜0.01);(3)女中学生的情绪体验特点为热情、开朗、快乐而充满幻想,情绪主色调是热情、开朗;女生比男生情绪体验更丰富,差异显著(p＜0.05).     

Why Do They Start It? Explaining Reported Early-Teen Sexual Activity

This paper seeks an account of why young teens initiate consensual sexual activity. It does so by constructing statistical models aimed at distinguishing those who report having initiated sexual activity from those who have not in four samples of eighth graders from an Upstate New York county. Theoretical selection of the model variables is guided by insights from problem syndrome, control and differential association theories. From our findings we conclude the following: (1) Risk behaviors foreseen by the problem syndrome approach, including having used marijuana and having been drunk, are significant, powerful predictors of early-teen sexual activity. (2) The social setting of consensual sexual activity differs by sex at the eighth grade level. For example, having a boyfriend is a more consistent, powerful predictor variable for girls than is having a girlfriend for boys and there is evidence to support the hypothesis that boys initiate sexual activity in the context of status-seeking while girls are more likely to do so as a way of attaining approval. (3) Our findings do not give clear primacy to parents or peers as an influence on early-teen consensual sexual activity. Both control theory, usually associated with parental-influence variables, and differential association theory, usually associated with peer-influence variables, receive support. (4) The results of the research spanning a 2-year period of intensive community antiteen-pregnancy efforts by a Zero Adolescent Pregnancy (ZAP) campaign are consistent with the conclusion that such a multifaceted approach might help lower early-teen initiation of sexual activity.     

Longitudinal associations among adolescents’ organized activity involvement and sociopolitical values

Organized activities represent a potentially important context for the development of adolescent sociopolitical values, but few studies have examined longitudinal associations between youths’ sociopolitical values and activity involvement. Adolescents (N = 299, Time 1 M_age = 15.49, SD = .93, 62% female) reported on their organized activity involvement (volunteering, church, sports, arts/music, school and community clubs) and sociopolitical values (materialism, social dominance, authoritarianism, patriotism, spirituality) at baseline and one year later. Greater involvement in arts/music predicted lower spirituality and patriotism one year later and greater involvement in church predicted higher levels of spirituality and lower levels of social dominance one year later. Higher levels of materialism predicted less involvement in arts/music one year later and higher social dominance values predicted less involvement in volunteering one year later. Findings support the importance of organized activities in sociopolitical development, and suggest that sociopolitical values may guide decisions concerning future organized activity involvement.     

Tales of transition: self-narrative and direct scribing in exploring care-leaving

Direct scribing is a technique that transforms oral discourse into written text, basically by typing oral material verbatim . It was developed in practice with youth in child welfare care and adapted for research data collection. The technique flattens the power imbalance in the interview situation and between oral speech and written text, supports self-reflection, democratizes the ownership of written material, is potentially empowering, and is an efficient means to produce high-quality text. The origins in practice are reviewed and a research application is discussed in detail. Thirty youths aged 18/19 from child welfare constructed self-narratives about how they conceptualized and managed the adolescent transition, and collaborated with the researcher in analysing the narrative as a story. Each interview was direct scribed and printed copy given to the participant. Participants were introduced to direct scribing by completing a questionnaire presented on a note-book computer, and some took part in a gender-specific group discussion as a final data-collection event, which was audio-taped and transcribed. The value of direct scribing and self-narrative in this research project and possibilities for other applications are discussed.     

青少年社会期望与自我评价的关系及其对教育的启示

文章以来自初中、高中、大学的230名学生为被试,采用问卷法初步探讨了不同年龄阶段的学生群体的社会期望与自我评价之间存在的关系.主要结果为:(1)在总体上,社会期望与自我评价呈显著正相关,但并非线性关系.(2)社会期望与自我评价呈正相关的结论并不适用于所有群体,高中生的社会期望与自我评价之间呈显著正相关,而初中生和大学生的社会期望与自我评价的相关没有达到显著水平.(3)男女在社会期望上没有显著差异,而在自我评价上则有显著差异.(4)年龄与性别的交互作用不显著.文章还在分析研究结果的基础上,结合相关理论观点,探讨了在教育中应用期望效应的基本原则.     

Roma girls: between traditional values and educational aspirations

The paper presents findings from a survey of 720 respondents: 240 Roma parents, 240 Roma boys and 240 Roma girls between 12 and 25 years of age. The subjects were from various regions of Bulgaria and were members of different ethnic groups. The main goal of the survey was to study the current attitudes that Roma communities hold regarding an existing Roma tradition – the practice of keeping a girl out of school in order to preserve her virginity. The respondents gave varied responses; however, the majority of the parents surveyed declared that they would allow their daughters to go to school despite the Roma tradition of keeping them at home to preserve their ‘cleanness’ (i.e. virginity).     

Mother and Grandmother Parenting in Low‐Income Three‐Generation Rural Households

This study draws data from the Family Life Project to examine parenting behaviors observed for 105 mothers and grandmothers raising an infant in rural low‐income multigenerational households. Multilevel models are used to examine the relationships between maternal age and psychological distress and parenting of the infant by both generations. The findings indicate that young maternal age is a risk factor for less sensitive parenting in the presence of other risks, including psychological distress. Further, young maternal age is associated with negative parenting behaviors by grandmothers only. Grandmothers and mothers displayed similar levels of negative intrusive parenting, but different factors were linked to the observed parenting of each generation. These findings contribute to understanding the benefits and risks of three‐generation households.     

教育学视界中的选秀节目——以“超级女声”现象为例

从2005年夏天的"超级女声"开始,一场前所未有的电视选秀娱乐风暴席卷中国,其火暴程度非同一般,而且备受青少年青睐,"超女现象"产生了强大的"同辈群体效应"。于是,当"超级女声"作为非主流文化的代表,与作为主流文化代表的教育迎面相撞时,当代中国教育应该有所反思。     

贾宝玉至情人性的文化困境

在明清理学思想专制的氛围中，曹雪芹通过宝玉“女儿说”，展现了人与生俱来的至情人性；但在儒释道一体的封闭思想体系下，贾宝玉陷入了困境，或儒或佛，其至情人性终归泯灭。根据人的主体超越性与历史局限性的辩证关系，鲜明地展现了贾宝玉至情人性的文化困境。