新时期高校学生思想教育工作探赜

高校学生思想教育工作是造就人才品行的关键环节。做好高校学生思想教育工作,必须以邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想和科学发展观为指导。坚持以理想信念作为出发点,全方位、全面地落实思想教育工作并不断提高思想政治工作的时代性、针对性和实效性,     

Promises and Partnership

We examine experimentally the impact of communication on trust and cooperation. Our design admits observation of promises, lies, and beliefs. The evidence is consistent with people striving to live up to others' expectations so as to avoid guilt, as can be modeled using psychological game theory. When players exhibit such guilt aversion, communication may influence motivation and behavior by influencing beliefs about beliefs. Promises may enhance trustworthy behavior, which is what we observe. We argue that guilt aversion may be relevant for understanding strategic interaction in a variety of settings, and that it may shed light on the role of language, discussions, agreements, and social norms in these contexts.     

Games of Incomplete Information Without Common Knowledge Priors

We relax the assumption that priors are common knowledge, in the standard model of games of incomplete information. We make the realistic assumption that the players are boundedly rational: they base their actions on finite-order belief hierarchies. When the different layers of beliefs are independent of each other, we can retain Harsányi's type-space, and we can define straightforward generalizations of Bayesian Nash Equilibrium (BNE) and Rationalizability in our context. Since neither of these concepts is quite satisfactory, we propose a hybrid concept, Mirage Equilibrium, providing us with a practical tool to work with inconsistent belief hierarchies. When the different layers of beliefs are correlated, we must enlarge the type-space to include the parametric beliefs. This presents us with the difficulty of the inherent openness of finite belief subspaces. Appealing to bounded rationality once more, we posit that the players believe that their opponent holds a belief hierarchy one layer shorter than they do and we provide alternative generalizations of BNE and Rationalizability. Finally, we show that, when beliefs are degenerate point beliefs, the definition of Mirage Equilibrium coincides with that of the generalized BNE. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

大学生爱情非理性信念的探索性研究

采用自编问卷对300名大学生就爱情非理性信念进行了调查与分析。结果表明,当前大学生的爱情非理性信念主要表现在六个方面,即：＂消极评价＂、＂不合理期望＂、＂追求完美＂、＂错误动机＂、＂歪曲认知＂、＂绝对化自我要求＂。并且,不同性别、年级、学科、生源地的大学生表现出不同的爱情非理性信念特点。     

外语课堂互动中的修正性反馈：教师信念与课堂教学行为关系研究

运用个案研究法,聚焦于三位英语专业精读课教师的修正性反馈教学信念和课堂行为,结果发现：不同教师所持的教学信念互不相同。他们的课堂教学行为也存在巨大差异;同一教师持有内部相矛盾的信念;由于教学环境和教师所调用的知识类型的不同。同一教师的教学信念和教学行为之间虽具有一定的联系,但二者差异很大。     

Strategic games with security and potential level players

This paper examines the existence of strategic solutions to finite normal form games under the assumption that strategy choices can be described as choices among lotteries where players have security- and potential level preferences over lotteries (e.g., Cohen, Theory and Decision, 33, 101–104, 1992, Gilboa, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 32, 405–420, 1988, Jaffray, Theory and Decision, 24, 169–200, 1988). Since security- and potential level preferences require discontinuous utility representations, standard existence results for Nash equilibria in mixed strategies (Nash, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 36, 48–49, 1950a, Non-Cooperative Games, Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University Press, 1950b) or for equilibria in beliefs (Crawford, Journal of Economic Theory, 50, 127–154, 1990) do not apply. As a key insight this paper proves that non-existence of equilibria in beliefs, and therefore non-existence of Nash equilibria in mixed strategies, is possible in finite games with security- and potential level players. But, as this paper also shows, rationalizable strategies (Bernheim, Econometrica, 52, 1007–1028, 1984, Moulin, Mathematical Social Sciences, 7, 83–102, 1984, Pearce, Econometrica, 52, 1029–1050, 1984) exist for such games. Rationalizability rather than equilibrium in beliefs therefore appears to be a more favorable solution concept for games with security- and potential level players.      

On Reinventing OBM

Abstract

This article comments on an argument in favor of a change in OBM's content and focus to include certain empirical findings and theoretical constructs derived from fields like Cognitive and Social Psychology. Specifically, the argument suggests that personal beliefs such as optimism, self-efficacy, and response-efficacy are influential determinants of behavior that give rise to achievement motivation and a success-seeking typology. By incorporating such constructs into OBM, it is suggested that the field will better align itself with related disciplines sharing the goal of promoting personal success, thereby enhancing its performance-improvement toolkit and fostering greater recognition and acceptance for itself within mainstream Psychology. After summarizing key aspects of this argument, this paper identifies certain of its associated challenges and then presents some specific strategies by which the OBM community can chart a future course for the field.     

论社会建构主义模式下外语教师的信念

社会建构主义认为,知识是由个人建构的,而不是由他人传递的。而对于教师而言,支配他们行为的是一些难以言表、甚至不为教师本人所意识到的东西。因此,提高教学效率不能仅仅从外部改变教师的教学行为,而是要求教师对自己的信念有更多的自我意识。通过反思将隐含的教学信念外露出来,认识到自己的教学信念、观念,从而有意识地调整自己的教学行为。这就要求教师成为积极的反思性从业者和行动研究者,最终达到改变自己的教育行动的目的,而教师则在这种行动研究过程中实现了自主的可持续性发展。     

Tanning benefits,seasonal effects,and concerns about sunscreen: Measuring health beliefs about UV among college students

Abstract

Objective: To develop and validate a scale measuring health beliefs about UV in cloudy climates that may impact UV exposure behaviors. Participants: Students at a large university in Oregon completed pilot (N?=?115) and final (N?=?335) scales online March–July, 2016. Five participants underwent cognitive interviews. Methods: Expert feedback, cognitive interviews, and pilot data guided item development and refinement. We conducted factor analysis and invariance testing. Results: The final four-factor model fit well (χ²?=?37.97, df?=?37, RMSEA?=?0.000, CFI?=?1.000). HBAU subscales are Sunscreen Toxicity, Seasonal Effects, Health Benefits of Tanning, and Tanning Through the Winter. Invariance testing supported strong invariance across sex and tanning status. Conclusion: The HBAU measures beliefs that encourage UV exposure and discourage protection (eg, the belief that sunscreen ingredients are toxic). This scale will enable more comprehensive measurement of cognitive predictors of UV exposure for student health, clinical, and research purposes.     

基于投资者异质信念的均衡资产定价模型研究

在行为金融框架下,采用投资者在价格期望方面存在的意见分歧来表征投资者异质信念,构建投资者异质信念下的均衡资产定价模型,从理论上证明投资者异质信念是影响资产价格的重要因素,投资者信念差异程度与均衡价格同向变动,并以封闭式基金折价为例说明该模型对金融市场价格异象的解释力.为检验理论模型的结论,选取中国股票市场数据构建计量经济模型,对投资者异质信念程度及其波动性对资产价格的影响进行实证分析,实证结果支持理论模型的结论.实证结果还发现,投资者异质信念的条件波动性变量系数显著,对股市收益率有显著的影响,说明投资者异质信念的波动对股市价格指数有显著的溢出效应,信息的传递效率会影响投资者的意见分歧程度,因此有效的信息披露机制能够更好地减少异质信念带来的股价高估问题.