A multifactorial explanation of youth unemployment and the special case of Austria

One of the biggest challenges currently facing European society is the dramatically high level of youth unemployment. Commonly, political solutions and strategies can be found in those countries that have been able to keep youth unemployment low in spite of the financial and economic crises. Austria is such a case. On the basis of European Union Member State data, the article gives a multifactorial explanation of youth unemployment and asks whether these factors can explain relatively low youth unemployment in Austria. With the country's “youth safety net” presented in detail, it is shown that active labour market policy reduces youth unemployment in Austria. The article also points out the limitations of cross‐country comparisons of youth unemployment rates and proposes the use of a greater number of indicators. Finally, the article argues for economic policies to stimulate demand, which have to be based on a political and social commitment to full employment.     

文明城市测评体系中的自然与社会科学内涵探析

文明城市测评体系是综合社会多方智慧在创建实践中形成的,具有科学性和启示性。首先,基于黄金分割准则得出了测评体系中人文社会科学类约占到45.45%权重,而自然科学类约占54.55%;其中纯人文科学类占16.2%,纯自然科学类占32.4%,交叉指标达51.4%。依据江苏省社会科学类各指标达标率调查结果,找出了与测评体系要求的差距:占权重高的行为观念要素的达标率低,而占权重低的知识、其他等的达标率高。这些分析对指导今后文明城市创建工作有积极的启示意义。     

中国商业银行资本缓冲的周期性研究——基于16家上市银行的实证分析

基于中国16家上市银行2000—2013年的非平衡面板数据, 使用Driscoll和Kraay(1998)的方法对中国商业银行的资本缓冲与经济周期之间的关系进行再检验, 并且考虑银行之间可能存在空间截面自相关问题, 实证结果显示:经济周期缺口系数显著为正, 商业银行规模系数显著为负, 贷款损失拨备系数为负但不显著。研究结果表明:中国商业银行资本缓冲存在一定的逆周期性;商业银行“太大而不能倒”理论不适用于中国现实情况;贷款损失拨备计提不仅基于利润理论, 也会受到成本费用理论的影响, 这两个理论之间的权衡造成贷款损失拨备系数并不显著为负。     

隐身目标雷达截面的缩比测量及反演计算

隐身雷达目标的电磁散射缩比测量是研究飞行器隐身、反隐身技术发展过程中不可缺少的组成部分。根据相似性原理，首先提出能与全尺寸原型目标具有相同散射特性的缩比测量应该具备的条件；然后提出当实际的缩比测量偏离这些条件时对雷达散射截面的影响。依照本文提供的原理和方法，可从不满足理想缩比条件的模型测量值推算原型的雷达散射截面。     

Pregnancy care and birth outcomes for women with moderate to super-extreme obesity

PurposeTo describe the health service utilisation and birth outcomes of pregnant women with moderate to super-extreme obesity.BackgroundMaternal obesity is increasingly recognised as a key risk factor for adverse outcomes for both women and their babies. Little is known about the service utilisation and perinatal outcomes of women with obesity beyond a body mass index of 40.MethodWomen with a self-reported pre-pregnancy BMI of 40 or more, who had received care and birthed a baby at the study site between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2010. Clinical audit was used to identify the health service utilisation and birth outcomes of these women.Results153 women had a BMI of 40 or more. Women saw 6 different health professionals during pregnancy (1–16). Most of their visits were with a medical practitioner, often with limited experience, and almost all women only saw a midwife once at their booking visit (n = 150, 98.0%). While the majority of women experienced a normal pregnancy, free from any complications, almost half the women in this study experienced a caesarean section (n = 74, 48.4%).ConclusionClinical audit has been useful in providing additional information which suggests current maternity care provision is not meeting the needs of this group of women. The model of antenatal care provision may be a mediating factor in the birth outcomes experienced by obese women. The development of effective, targeted antenatal care, designed to meet the needs of these women is recommended.     

宁西铁路(南阳段)沿线产业发展环境条件分析

全面分析了宁西铁路路线 (南阳段 )产业发展环境的三大资源系统 ,建立评价指标体系 ,运用权值综合评判 ,揭示出南阳段沿线产业发展环境的优、劣势及地区差异。     

复杂交通网络中救援点与事故点间的路段重要性评价模型研究

对应急救援网络中的各相关路段的重要性进行快速准确地评价,对于应急交通计划、指挥与控制等交通服务具有十分重要的价值.本文针对目前该问题相关研究存在的一些缺陷,提出了新的算法思想,并设计了算法模型.首先,设计了复杂交通网络连通子图的矩阵算法,寻找多救援点和多事故点间的最大连通子路网;其次,根据该最大连通子路网构建GERT(Graph Evaluation and Review Technique)网络模型,针对该模型中人们对路段的选择概率设计了基于人们的理性和经验的概率选择模型,从而能够较好地反映人们的交通心理和行为(尤其是应急交通心理和交通行为);最后,定义了路网中路段重要性和重要度的概念,建立了基于最大连通子路网中去除某一定路段后的标准车辆通行时间差异的路段重要度评价模型.在此基础上,本文以某区域实际交通网络为例,对本模型及其算法进行了验证,效果良好.     

Conceptual and ethical problems underpinning calls to abandon vaginal breech birth

The view that vaginal breech birth is unjustifiable due to neonatal safety concerns has resulted in continued calls for breech pregnancies to be managed via a policy of planned caesarean birth. Vaginal breech birth has of course always occurred, but women with term breech pregnancies who seek to have a vaginal birth often face coercive pressures to have a caesarean birth instead. In this paper I argue that even if there is population level evidence that vaginal birth is relatively riskier for the breech presenting fetus, implementing a policy of planned caesarean birth would essentially be an unjustified attempt at forced medical intervention upon women. Advocates of a policy of planned caesarean birth often conflate the acceptability of allocating participants to a treatment group (policy) within the context of a randomized controlled trial with the justifiability of doing that as part of individual health care. Calls for obstetricians to “abandon vaginal breech birth” mistakenly position vaginal breech birth itself as a form of medical intervention that can simply be removed as an option for women by obstetricians. In reality, abandoning vaginal breech birth would entail abandoning women by denying them access to healthcare options that are otherwise available to any woman having a vaginal birth.     

黄金分割法在质量成本管理中的应用

黄金分割优选法是一种求最优化问题的方法。运用黄金分割法的基本原理,可确定质量成本管理中的符合性成本与故障成本的优化投入比例。这为企业选择最优的质量成本模型提供依据,以期以最小的成本获得最大的经济效益。     

0.618的文化内涵探讨

0.618神圣的黄金分割是世界上最美的数字,对0.618的研究可以追溯到古希腊时代。本文阐述了0.618黄金分割的内涵,并介绍了0.618黄金分割在我们生活中的几个应用,使人们对生活、大自然、社会又有了另一层的理解。