政治宽容：概念的厘定

政治宽容不是一种美德,它是一种允许不同政见存在并使它们得以和平共存的政治手段,其本质是建立和维护有利于政治统治与管理和谐的政治秩序。政治宽容的限度为宪法规定。据此政治宽容概念可界定为：政治宽容是政治权力主体在宪法范围内,通过尊重和保障政治权力对象的政治自由与权利,允许不同政见的存在并使它们得以和平共存,以实现有利于政治统治与管理和谐的政治秩序的一种政治手段。     

Risk and Quantification: A Linguistic Study

In risk analysis and research, the concept of risk is often understood quantitatively. For example, risk is commonly defined as the probability of an unwanted event or as its probability multiplied by its consequences. This article addresses (1) to what extent and (2) how the noun risk is actually used quantitatively. Uses of the noun risk are analyzed in four linguistic corpora, both Swedish and English (mostly American English). In total, over 16,000 uses of the noun risk are studied in 14 random (n = 500) or complete samples (where n ranges from 173 to 5,144) of, for example, news and magazine articles, fiction, and websites of government agencies. In contrast to the widespread definition of risk as a quantity, a main finding is that the noun risk is mostly used nonquantitatively. Furthermore, when used quantitatively, the quantification is seldom numerical, instead relying on less precise expressions of quantification, such as high risk and increased risk. The relatively low frequency of quantification in a wide range of language material suggests a quantification bias in many areas of risk theory, that is, overestimation of the importance of quantification in defining the concept of risk. The findings are also discussed in relation to fuzzy‐trace theory. Findings of this study confirm, as suggested by fuzzy‐trace theory, that vague representations are prominent in quantification of risk. The application of the terminology of fuzzy‐trace theory for explaining the patterns of language use are discussed.     

Defining Problems Fast and Slow: The U‐shaped Effect of Problem Definition Time on Project Duration

This study examines how time spent in problem definition affects problem solving in projects such as Six Sigma projects. Our hypotheses are tested using data collected from 1558 Six Sigma projects in a company. The results show evidence of a U‐shaped relationship between the amount of time spent in the Define phase and project duration. This finding suggests that spending too little time on problem definition potentially causes poor problem formulation, which leads to deficient problem solving and lengthens overall project time. On the other hand, too much time spent on problem definition can lead to unneeded delays in project completion due to diminishing returns on problem definition efforts. Furthermore, the optimal balance between spending too little and too much time depends on prior project experience and project complexity. Prior project experience reduced project completion time and weakened the U‐shaped effect. Conversely, complex projects took longer and appeared to show some evidence of a stronger U‐shaped effect; this suggests balancing the time spent in the Define phase was more challenging for complex projects. Our study also underscores the importance of managing project duration, as projects that were completed faster tended to be associated with higher project savings.     

英汉翻译中的“翻译腔”研究

"翻译腔"是由于译者受原语表达方式的影响和束缚而产生的不符合译语语言习惯的译文.这种译文生硬、晦涩、难懂,甚至使读者不知所云,是我们在翻译实践中应该避免的.从翻译腔的概念及其形成原因两个方面进行分析,并提出了一些克服其症的见解.     

Vague值向Fuzzy值转化公式的定义

提出Vague值向Fuzzy值转化公式的定义,提出若干Vague值向Fuzzy值的转化公式,证明了这些方法均满足Vague值向Fuzzy值的转化公式的定义.     

拓展句子--日语写作的基础

日语写作是日语学习者比较艰难的训练过程。"拓展句子"不啻是词汇的简单迭加,还是在语法、修辞训练过程中对写作技巧和规律的把握。这要求通过把握拓展的界定、训练及在教学中应注意的问题,实现"为迁移而教"的目的,推动学生习惯于日语思维和日语文章的创作,进而完善日语写作的学科建设。,To Japanese learners, Japanese writing is a difficult training process. "Expanding Sentence" is not only a simple puttin g words together, but also the grasp of writing skills and rules through the tra ining of grammar and rhetoric. The expanding needs to be defined and trained and the problems which should be paid attention to in the teaching needs to be gras p ed. By the above, we can achieve the aim of "teaching for transfer", promote s t udents' thinking and writing in Japanese and perfect the subjects building of Ja panese writing.     

An operative extension of the likelihood ratio test from fuzzy data

In the present paper we are going to extend the likelihood ratio test to the case in which the available experimental information involves fuzzy imprecision (more precisely, the observable events associated with the random experiment concerning the test may be characterized as fuzzy subsets of the sample space, as intended by Zadeh, 1965). In addition, we will approximate the immediate intractable extension, which is based on Zadeh’s probabilistic definition, by using the minimum inaccuracy principle of estimation from fuzzy data, that has been introduced in previous papers as an operative extension of the maximum likelihood method.     

浅论笙的伴奏艺术

作为一种民族管乐器,笙的吹吸气均可发声、可以演奏和声、音量控制方便自如、音色融合性较强作为伴奏乐器的优势所在。笙伴奏的责任——对音乐作品负责、区分不同乐器的演奏特点和尊重独奏者对作昂的艺术处理。笙伴奏的具体方法、技巧和效果,需女演奏者细细揣摸与练习方能渐至佳境。     

论我国征收征用制度中公共利益的界定

公共利益是国家权力的来源,现代政治生活的基石,也是启动国家征收征用的前提和基础.为了防止征收征用的滥用,保护权利人的利益,维护社会的和谐与发展,界定公共利益尤有必要.公共利益的界定标准,应坚持公益性原则、法定性原则、非营利性原则、效益性原则;公共利益的界定方法,应采用立法界定、行政认定、司法裁定的路径.