美国联邦政府社区“一老一小”代际间互助项目的价值取向与运行机制——美国代理祖父母志愿者项目的经验

美国代理祖父母志愿者项目是借助代际间服务型学习方法,以满足社区需求为导向,利用各类资源实施的一种社区教育和服务活动,旨在改善老年人生活质量,促进老年人和儿童青少年共同发展,构建互利共生社区服务型学习生态。其运行机制包括涵盖招募选拔、志愿者培训、服务实践和绩效评估四个环节及分工明确的协同合作。其项目实践以循证服务模式为依托,项目设计与运行保持了一定的自主性,效果评估体现了综合多维性。美国代理祖父母志愿者项目可以为我国发挥社区作用,推动社区教育发展,促进养老托幼一体化服务建设,构建互利共生的服务型学习生态提供参考借鉴。     

提高妇女素质是提高人口素质的重要保证

母亲的素质对孩子的优生优育有直接的重大影响 ,因此 ,提高妇女素质是全民族刻不容缓的任务     

21世纪我国老年人口规模与老年人力资源开发

21世纪上半叶将是老年人口数量及老龄化突进的时期。老年人力资源是人力资源构成的重要组成部分 ,建立市场机制 ,把老年人愿为现代化建设作贡献的主观愿望和能力 ,与社会发展对老年人力资源的客观需要 ,合理、有效地结合 ,促进人口经济协调发展     

实现男女平等构建两性和谐发展的社会

男女两性协调发展在构建和谐社会中有十分重要的意义,两性协调发展可促进经济、社会协调发展,有利于人的全面发展,同时女性发展得到重视,有助于从根本上提高民族素质,推动三大文明建设。但实际生活中,实现男女平等、协调发展既面临传统与现实的挑战,又面临经济全球化、城市化、工业化进程带来的机遇。本文在分析这些情况的基础上,提出解决男女协调发展的途径。     

我国老年人临终前需要完全照料的时间分析

根据中国老年人健康长寿影响因素2005年第4周期调查数据,用多水平随机效应序列模型,对中国65岁及以上老年人临终前需要他人完全照料的天数进行较为系统的分析。结果显示照料时间与杜区社会经济发展因素无很大关联性,但与性别、受教育程度、有病及时治疗、子女可近度、经常参与宗教佛事活动和基期健康等个体因素存在一定依存关系。     

农村老年人老化态度变动轨迹:基于积极老龄化框架的实证考察

基于积极老龄化理论框架和"中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查"面板数据,文章从积极和消极两个维度对农村老年人老化态度问题进行实证考察。研究发现,两种老化态度均以2008年为重要转折点,女性老化态度比男性更具多样性和多变性。健康、社会参与和保障都能引起老化态度的积极变动,但社会适应、子女经济支持和社区照料三个因素对消极老化态度有正向影响,而生产活动降低了积极老化态度水平。从贡献率看,健康因素对老化态度差异贡献最大,其次是保障因素、社会参与因素,健康因素更能解释积极老化态度的变化,社会参与因素对消极老化态度的贡献率更高,二者分别在女性和男性老年人群体中表现得更为明显。贡献率排在前四位的因素是精神健康、子女经济支持、医疗可及性和身体健康。用积极老龄化的观点帮助庞大的农村老年人口建立正确的老化态度将有益于养老问题的解决。     

Social Support and its Correlation with Loneliness and Subjective Well-being: A Cross-cultural Study of Older Nepalese Adults

Population aging in Nepal is a recent phenomenon, due more to demographic changes than to socio-economic development. The study had three goals: to analyze the social support exchange among elderly men and women; to discover the main sources of support in loneliness and subjective well-being in the elderly; and to study the cross-cultural differences in support among elderly Chhetri ( N  = 137, mean age = 69.1 [7.2] years) and Newar people ( N  = 195, mean age = 68.8 [7.7] years) in one ward in Kathmandu. The data were collected using face-to-face interviews. The dependent variables were loneliness and subjective well-being (SWB). The results for both ethnic Chhetri and Newar respondents show that their major support comes from their children living in the same household and their spouses. I conclude that the sources of social support and social support exchange are similar between the two castes/ethnicities and that there are no cross-cultural differences between them in terms of support for loneliness and SWB-life stability, although there are cross-cultural differences in their SWB-life satisfaction. Providing social support to friends and neighbors appears to be related to less loneliness and increased SWB in both castes/ethnicities.     

‘Trapped between two worlds’ – Muslim Palestinian women from Israel in Jordanian universities: new identity and the price it demands

Interviews were held with 12 Muslim Palestinian women from Israel, presently studying in Jordan (6) or who had completed their higher education in Jordan (6). They explained the factors that pushed or pulled them to study in Jordan, the independence that they experienced there, the empowerment they achieved, and the price they paid when they returned to Arab society in Israel. The Arab cultural space in Jordan is defined as both foreign and close, due to its geographical and cultural proximity, and yet its distance from home and patriarchal supervision. The research findings indicate that this situation influences the formation of these women's gender identity and their empowerment but also creates much pain and conflict. The Palestinian women's new identity, formed during their studies, assists them in their efforts to reintegrate and establish their status when they return from their academic studies abroad to their society of origin, Muslim Arab society in Israel.     

家庭式迁移女性农民工劳动供给行为研究

随着城市化的不断推进,家庭式迁移已经成为农民工流动的重要模式。家庭式迁移的女性农民工需要同时扮演雇佣劳动者和家务主要承担者的双重角色,这种迁移模式对女性的劳动供给行为会造成重大的影响。利用浙江省农民工的调查数据,试图考察家庭式迁移女性农民工劳动供给的影响因素。分析结果表明:工作经验、培训经历、本地生活时间、工资对女性农民工的劳动供给具有显著影响;家庭结构的影响不显著,但子女或老人随迁会显著降低女性的劳动参与率和工作时间;分位数回归结果表明,各因素对女性工作时间不同分位数上的影响具有明显变化。     

西汉出宫人制度考实

西汉帝室放嫁宫掖女性，汉初至武帝为制度创立和完善阶段，昭、宣、元三朝为变质的奉陵制阶段，成帝以后为复活阶段。文帝将皇后以外的嫔妃全部改嫁，具有影响后世的经典意义，所出夫人是最高一级嫔妃。此制出现于西汉，其历史脉络是承继了春秋战国以来否定妻妾殉葬制的时代潮流，其社会基础则是西汉流行的妇女改嫁风俗。