Urban environment, spatial fragmentation and social segration in Latin America: Where does innovation lie?

To “review the urban question” in terms of sustainable development, the premise is formulated that improving infrastructures, equipment and services to preserve the natural and built urban environment is costly and generates expenses of all kinds—at economic and social levels. Without the introduction of equalisation mechanisms, these expenses will increase inequalities between different parts of the urban population.As confirmed by 2 Latin American case studies in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and La Paz Bolivia, the quality of urban environment depends directly on improving living conditions for the resident population. The aim is to assist the poor in developing a rubbish disposal service for the families living in the informal settlements of La Paz, or to extend water supply to the poorer areas on the outskirts of Buenos Aires. The collective benefits of these “innovations” are self-evident. However, understanding the environmental issues involved, and evaluating the social impact of these innovations, means examining what motivates their implementation.The first difficulty was in finding financial and economic information on the global cost of the new technologies, due to the lack of managerial culture and the discretional attitude of private enterprises and public administration.A second observation is that the social dimension of the environmental upgrading process in Latin America cities has been neglected by the main urban decision-makers. In all the contexts, the evolution of the projects’ implementation clearly demonstrates that social issues cannot be dissociated from political ones. Although the players themselves often find it difficult to estimate economic costs, these are nonetheless real and represent burdens that should be distributed equitably among the beneficiaries of services; but which are, in practice, often viewed in terms of profit. This leads to conflicts between different population groups, the political authorities and private intermediaries.Rather than viewing technological action as an unique “source” of innovation, we must consider its global dimension via the social practices it generates. On the other hand, we should reposition every specific event in its immediate environment and see how it reflects contemporary macro-social processes, in a world of “globalisation”.     

委婉表达在日本语言文化中的体现

语言是文化的载体,学习语言的同时也应该学习产生语言的社会文化背景.就日语口语中存在的委婉表达以及产生这种委婉表达的社会文化环境,日本人经常采用的委婉表达形式加以粗略论述,以此来强调在跨文化交际中,了解和掌握委婉表达的实际运用并正确实施十分重要.     

从历史源头看中西法律文化差异产生的原因

从历史源头出发探寻中国与西方法律文化产生差异的原因,通过对古代东西方地理、人文、经济、思想的研究,找出双方的差别所在,取长补短,更好地为中国的法制现代化建设服务。     

中日在东盟舞台上的竞技与互动

东盟的成长过程是与区域外大国的交往过程,今天的东盟已经成为国际竞争的大舞台。近几年,在东盟这个大舞台上,中日两个东亚大国展开了竞技,双方如果能够积极交流和沟通,就有可能促进中日关系的良性互动,最终有利于东亚经济一体化的实现。     

基于顾客消费价值的消费质量问题探讨

消费质量的高低取决于人们对消费价值的感知,可见顾客消费价值的多少是消费者评价消费质量的前提。因此探讨消费质量问题应基于顾客消费价值,可以通过引导新的消费理念来指导消费者的消费行为;通过提高消费品质量来增加消费者在消费过程中的产品价值和服务价值;营造良好消费环境以增加环境价值来全方位地提升消费质量。     

高校创新环境培植理念探究

高校创新环境是对教师创新能力形成与发展产生重要影响的因素之一。文章从高校管理和教师评价模式两方面，剖析当前高校创新环境，探索高校管理新思路，尝试教师评价新模式，对培植高校创新环境具有一定意义。     

生态环境治理的第三种主体:社区

生态环境的公共产品性质决定了其享用者和维护者的不统一性,哈丁的“公地灾难”假设将私人和政府确定为环境治理主体。事实上,社区相对于政府具有较高的激励强度,相对于私人主体具有明显的产权划分成本优势。只要采用一定措施促进社区合作,社区将是最佳的环境治理主体。     

反思环境危机的哲学根源

世界观、认识论与价值论不仅是构成哲学的三大主要领域,而且反映了人类思维的发展历程:古希腊人对世界本源的探索反映了人类对认识世界的渴望;近代理性派与经验派的哲学探究是为了找到认识世界的最佳方法;现代人对人自身的研究兴趣反映了人类价值观念的困惑与迷茫。因此,探究环境危机的哲学根源,需要找出人类在世界观、认识论与价值论上存在的问题。人类在世界观、认识论与价值论上存在的问题就是:世界观上的机械论、认识论上的主客二分和价值观上的人类中心主义。     

论税收筹划在企业财务管理中的运用

税收筹划是指纳税人在税法允许的范围内,从多种纳税方案中进行科学合理的事前选择和规划,利用税法给予的对己有利的可能选择与优惠政策,选出合适的节税方法,从而使本身税负得以延缓或减轻的一种行为.税收筹划与财务管理是相互联系、相互影响的关系.财务管理在运用税收筹划的同时,还应注意以守法为前提的税收筹划才可行.     

Do you think that your health or safety are at risk because of your work? A large European study on psychological and physical work demands

Throughout Europe there are relatively few statistics, gathered a national level, which deal specifically with the problem of violence at work. In the UK, the revised Reporting of Injuries. Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) 1995 now require that certain violent incidents are reported on a national basis. The criteria for reporting, which are entirely dependent on the physical outcome of incidents, are discussed. It is recommended that employing organizations should establish their own internal systems for reportmg and recording a wider range of violent, and potentially violent, incidents. These should then be used to inform risk assessment and risk management.