降低英语课堂焦虑的策略

过高的外语学习焦虑会影响学生在外语课堂中的表现,不利于活跃课堂学习气氛。为了营造一种轻松、活跃的课堂气氛,提高学生英语学习的兴趣,帮助学生克服英语学习的焦虑感是非常重要的。提出了下列策略来降低学生在英语课堂中的学习焦虑:设置合理的测试题、使学生意识到自己的焦虑、帮助学生树立自信心以及改变教师的角色和信念。     

Hmong Americans' Changing Views and Approaches Towards Disability

ABSTRACT

This article discusses how the concept of disability has evolved among Hmong Americans. The term disability has its unique cultural roots in Hmong traditions. Findings from a study of a sample of Hmong Americans in Northern California confirm the changing Hmong Americans' views on the issue of disability and their use of shaman. Families, community leaders, and shaman continue to be the primary support network and sources of consultation for many Hmong Americans.     

Toward Measuring Proactivity in Person-Environment Transactions in Late Adulthood

Abstract

Both a life-span developmental control perspective as well as an environmental gerontology view, particularly Lawton's notion of environmental proactivity, served as the theoretical background to suggest a new dimension of domain-specific control, namely housing-related control beliefs. The newly developed 23-item Housing-Related Control Beliefs Questionnaire (HCQ) is based on the widely used dimensions of Internal Control, External Control: Powerful Others, and External Control: Chance. In two studies of older adults (N= 485; 66-69 years and N= 107; 65-91 years), we examined the psychometric quality of the questionnaire and explored its relation with socio-structural variables, general control beliefs, and a set of housing-related aspects. Psychometric results indicate satisfactory levels of internal consistency and re-test stability in all three scales of the instrument and factor analysis supported the theoretically expected three-factor solution. Also, HCQ's external control subscales were correlated with higher age, lower education, and lower income and the correlational pattern between the HCQ and a general control measure was substantial and consistent with theoretical expectations. Relations between the HCQ and objective and subjective housing-related variables tended to be low in size. These preliminary findings suggest the potential usefulness of the HCQ as a measure to address environmental proactivity in late adulthood.     

Puerto Rican Abusive and Non-Abusive Mothers' Beliefs About Appropriate and Inappropriate Child Discipline

Abstract

Qualitative findings from face-to-face interviews of a subset of participants in a large quantitative study are used to explore the perspectives of 10 professional Black women (PBW) regarding their definitions of spirituality and their experiences using this resource to cope with work-related stress. Findings include that many PBW do not differentiate between spirituality and religion and that they utilize spirituality-particularly prayer, meditation, and inspirational readings-to gain personal strength, inner peace, and guidance and to reflect on and reappraise stressful situations in the workplace. Further, many PBW view spirituality as a problem-focused, rather than an emotion-focused, coping strategy. Implications for social work practice and future research are offered.     

Meta-Analysis

No abstract available for this article.     

Cultures of the soul: spiritual beliefs about organ donation in China and the United States

Spiritual beliefs shape ideas about the meaning of life, the moment of death, and the care that must be taken to deliver the body of the loved one to the spiritual realm. This study investigated spiritual beliefs about organ donation for participants in China (n = 364) and the United States (n = 384). Results showed that spiritual connection with the transplant recipient, spiritual concern about removing organs, and attitudes toward organ donation significantly predicted willingness to become an organ donor for participants in both countries. Americans reported being significantly more religious compared to Chinese. However, altruism and religiosity were not significant predictors of willingness to donate organs. Chinese participants showed significantly higher levels of spiritual connection with the potential recipient of transplanted organs. Even so, Chinese participants exhibited more reluctance to become organ donors compared to Americans. Gender differences in organ donation behaviors are also reported. The study discusses the implications of the findings for structuring organ procurement campaigns that will address spiritual beliefs about organ donation.     

论教师信念在教学实践中的作用

教师信念是教师对于人、自然、社会和教育科学的看法和观点。它一经形成就会影响并指引教师的判断和教学行为，并逐渐成为他们价值观的一部分。教师信念在确认程度、内容成分以及结构方式等方面表现出极强的能动性，使它显得比知识更为重要。也因此使得它成为掌控教学最为有力的因素。尤其是自我效能和集体效能的发挥使得它从根本上决定教学实践的好与坏，成与败。     

Lotteries in the real world

Observed patterns of lottery play suggest that many players believe they can improve their chance of winning by adjusting their bets according to which numbers have won in recent drawings, or in response to their dreams or other portents. This skill orientation is encouraged by state lottery advertising, which tends to be misleading in other respects as well. Patterns of lottery play and the content of lottery commercials provide readily available illustrations of psychological tendencies in risky decision-making that have been documented in laboratory experiments.This article is based on an informal presentation the authors gave at the Fifth International Conference on the Foundation and Application of Utility, Risk, and Decisions Theories at Duke University, June 11, 1990.     

弗罗斯特生态诗学信仰阐释

弗罗斯特是大自然的顶礼膜拜者,诗人用毕生的精力,把其对自然的崇敬升华成了一种浓浓的生态诗学信仰。本文力图从静谧空茫的审美体验,启迪人生的哲学感悟,充满理性光辉和博爱情怀的大地伦理思考和崇高神圣的生态诗学信念四个方面来阐释弗氏独特的生态诗学信仰。自然是人类精神的"栖息地",心灵的"后花园",人类心灵的"净化器",启迪智慧的"金钥匙",人类精神境界的"圣经"。人类只有融入自然,其精神才能够健康成长,"回归"于自然状态,重返失去的"精神家园"。弗氏生态诗学信仰对于解决现代人类精神危机和构建和谐社会均有很好的借鉴意义。     

Instrumental rationality and cognitive rationality

Beside instrumental rationality, concerned with consistency between available means and pursued objectives, cognitive rationality, concerned with consistency between current beliefs and detained information, is nowadays bursting in economic theory. For an individual decision, the two notions are expressed structurally in similar forms, but they heavily interact in the deliberation process, especially when the agent is searching relevant information on his environment and his own determiners. In a game framework, the players' representations are formalized in a more and more sophisticated way, and are closely interwoven with their preferences in contemporary equilibrium notions as well as in selection between corresponding equilibrium points.