Does Counting Count for 3‐ to 4‐year‐olds? Parental Assumptions about Preschool Children's Understanding of Counting and Cardinality

Research indicates that children do not typically understand the connection between counting and cardinality for several months after learning to count, yet parents speak to 3‐year‐olds as though they already understood the significance of counting. The present research was designed to investigate mothers’ awareness of the discrepancy between children's procedural and conceptual mastery of counting. In Study 1 mothers of a hundred 3‐ to 4¹/₂‐year‐olds completed an anonymous questionnaire asking them to anticipate how their child would respond to a series of real‐life vignettes based on widely used experimental measures of cardinal understanding. Most anticipated that their child, irrespective of age, would (1) understand the significance of the last word of a count, and (2) be able accurately to give a specified non‐subitizable number of objects. Comparison with the performance of 54 children from the same local population supported the hypothesis that parents overestimate children's understanding of the cardinal significance of counting. Mothers reported a range of impromptu number‐related activities in which their child had recently participated at home; most of these involved simple procedural counting. In Study 2, 35 mothers of 3‐ to 4¹/₂‐year‐olds completed a modified questionnaire concerning procedural aspects of counting as well as cardinality; their responses were then compared with the performance of their own children. Again, mothers overestimated their children's cardinal understanding, but this was shown not to be a result of a general tendency to overestimate their counting abilities. It is suggested that preschoolers’ counting generally occurs during joint activities in which caregivers may be unaware of the support that they provide, and, provided that the jointly executed count procedures are error‐free, parents implicitly assume a ‘common knowledge’ regarding the cardinal significance of counting.     

异质信念、卖空限制对证券发行决策的影响

放宽卖空禁止假设,构建模型探讨投资者过度自信引起的异质信念和卖空限制对企业证券发行决策的影响。研究发现:(1)项目收益公共信号利多时,投资者信念异质性与企业股权发行意愿正相关;公共信号弱利空时,两者负相关。(2)仅当公共信号强利多时,卖空限制强度与股权发行意愿正相关;否则两者无关。研究结论表明异质信念、卖空限制与企业证券发行关系受公共信号影响。     

No‐Betting‐Pareto Dominance

We argue that the notion of Pareto dominance is not as compelling in the presence of uncertainty as it is under certainty. In particular, voluntary trade based on differences in tastes is commonly accepted as desirable, because tastes cannot be wrong. By contrast, voluntary trade based on incompatible beliefs may indicate that at least one agent entertains mistaken beliefs. We propose and characterize a weaker, No‐Betting, notion of Pareto domination which requires, on top of unanimity of preference, the existence of shared beliefs that can rationalize such preference for each agent.     

生死哲学与魂归祖地——摩经视域下的布依族思想信仰世界

摩经是布依族在举行宗教祭仪、亡灵超度等活动过程中形成的文本典籍,是最具宗教思想和信仰意义的经典。布依族的生死哲学体现为正常死亡前有各种征兆预示,寿终正寝后由布摩超度亡灵,使灵魂一步步回归祖地。魂归祖地是布依族形上信仰世界的终极追求和至高境界,这一切在摩经里有详细的叙述和具体的呈现。     

陈染：肯定性书写——女性性主体意识

阐明女性经验可以使历史上主要为男性利益服务的文化价值体系具有人性并得到平衡,也就是说,它能够带来男女文化上的双性。所以觉醒的女作家一反男性传统文学的创作方法和美学原则,加强对女性内在体验与性的主体欲望的书写,用以颠覆和反抗菲勒斯中心主义对女性的压抑与禁锢。     

Agapé Christian Reconciliation Conversations: Exploring the Intersections of Culture,Religiousness, and Homosexual Identity in Latino and European Americans

To understand how homophobia manifests itself through a Latino cultural lens of identity, a program was designed to address the issues connecting homosexual identity, culture, and Christianity. The program included screening of one of two documentary films about lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) identity and family relations. This was followed by group sharing and biblical reflections. Participants ( N =?122) were asked to complete measures of homophobic attitudes and qualitative appraisal of the program. Pearson product moment correlations analyses revealed that age and political ideology were related negatively to homophobia. Eighty-five percent found the program to be very useful or useful and 95% indicated that they would recommend it to others. The complexities of the intersections of Christianity, culture, and attitudes toward homosexuality in an individual's identity were examined. The data illustrates a positive trend in changing attitudes towards homosexuality in the Latino Christian community.     

How Religiosity Shapes Rejection of Homosexuality Across the Globe

ABSTRACT

This study investigates to what extent different dimensions of religiosity are differentially related to rejection of homosexuality in countries around the world and, moreover, to what extent these relationships can be explained by particular mediators: authoritarianism and traditional gender beliefs. The theoretical framework includes in particular socialization and integration theories. Hypotheses are tested by employing multilevel models, using data from the World Values Survey, covering 55 countries around the world for the period 2010–2014. The results indicate that every dimension of religiosity has a positive relationship with rejection of homosexuality, rejecting some of our hypotheses: those who adhere to any denomination more often attend religious services and have stronger religious particularistic beliefs, or those who are more religiously salient do reject homosexuality more strongly. Sobel tests and bootstrapping procedures indicate that the relationships between the dimensions of religiosity and rejection of homosexuality are partially explained by authoritarianism and traditional gender beliefs.     

在Kalman-Bucy滤波学习过程下的投资者生存能力分析

本文在投资者非完全理性框架下,基于Kalman-Bucy滤波学习过程给出了投资者理性和自信程度的定义,并基于此分析了不同投资者在市场中的生存和影响能力,并为实际市场中多类投资者共存的现象从学习过程的角度给予解释。研究结果表明,投资者在市场中的生存能力受其在学习过程中的理性和自信程度的双重影响。理性和自信程度都较高的投资者对市场把握较好,较容易在市场中生存,并对市场具有较大的影响。如果理性程度较高的投资者不自信,而理性程度不高的投资者自信度较高,那么在这种情况下没有哪类投资者对市场的把握相对准确,也就是说没有哪类投资者能将其他投资者逐出市场,即多类投资者共存于市场中。     

A Structure Theorem for Rationalizability with Application to Robust Predictions of Refinements

Rationalizability is a central solution concept of game theory. Economic models often have many rationalizable outcomes, motivating economists to use refinements of rationalizability, including equilibrium refinements. In this paper we try to achieve a general understanding of when this multiplicity occurs and how one should deal with it. Assuming that the set of possible payoff functions and belief structures is sufficiently rich, we establish a revealing structure of the correspondence of beliefs to sets of rationalizable outcomes. We show that, for any rationalizable action a of any type, we can perturb the beliefs of the type in such a way that a is uniquely rationalizable for the new type. This unique outcome will be robust to further small changes. When multiplicity occurs, then we are in a “knife‐edge” case, where the unique rationalizable outcome changes, sandwiched between open sets of types where each of the rationalizable actions is uniquely rationalizable. As an immediate application of this result, we characterize, for any refinement of rationalizability, the predictions that are robust to small misspecifications of interim beliefs. These are only those predictions that are true for all rationalizable strategies, that is, the predictions that could have been made without the refinement.     

民间传闻对土族信仰民俗的文化意义

本文以土族民间“传闻”及其背后的信仰民俗事象为研究个案,试图去破解传闻与信仰民俗之间的一种意义联系。在土族的生活中,传闻和信仰民俗在一个既有神秘性却又充满现实感的平台上发生着密切的联系,传闻对信仰民俗有着强化和解释的作用。