Cocaine use among the College Age Group: Historical Perspective—The Long and Colorful History of Erythoxylon Coca

Abstract

The rate of increase in the use of cocaine among college students has been greater even than the increase in the use of marijuana during the past ten years. Nationwide surveys indicate that 9 million Americans within the 18–25 age group, or 28.7%, have used cocaine. This compares with 2.9 million, or 9.1%, just a decade ago. The history of cocaine begins with the history of the coca plant. Even prior to the inca period the plant was used in South America; for centuries use of the plant remained restricted primarily to that continent. In 1859, an Austrian explorer brought home from Peru coca leaves that he sent to the University of Gottigen where Dr. Albert Niemann extracted and purified a crystalline compound he called cocaine. Several prominent physicians including Sigmund Freud and William Halsted, the father of modern surgery, experimented with cocaine on themselves and on their patients. Their published observations helped effect widespread use of cocaine in patent medicines, tonics, wines, and soft drinks. That earlier epidemic and the rest of the long and colorful history of cocaine brings into perspective the current epidemic of cocaine use.

“Mild Hypertension: When and How to Treat,” NORMAN H. KAPLAN. “Early and aggressive” drug therapy for mild hypertension, now widely prescribed in the United States, may be inappropriate for many of the 30 million patients with this condition. Although all of these patients are at greater risks of premature cardiovascular disease, the risks are manifested neither quickly nor uniformly. Drug therapy has not proved beneficial for patients with a diastolic (D) BP reading below 100 mm Hg, particularly those patients who are otherwise at low risk. Those antihypertensive drugs that are available now carry risks along with their benefits. Therefore, persons with mild hypertension who are at low risk should be encouraged to use nondrug therapies for at least six to 12 months. If their DBP remains below 100 mm Hg, they may be better off than if they were given drugs. The drug used in initial therapy has usually been a diuretic. For many patients, however, an adrenergic inhibitor may be a more appropriate choice. (Archives of Internal Medicine, 1983;143:255–259)

“Persistence of Normal BP After Withdrawal of Drug Treatment in Mild Hypertension,” PAUL D. LEVINSON, IBRAHIM M. KHATRI, EDWARD D. FREIS. Antihypertensive therapy was discontinued in 24 patients with mild hypertension whose BPs had been well controlled with diuretics alone. Eleven patients (46%) maintained normal diastolic BPs (≤ 90 mm Hg) for six months after stopping treatment and five patients (21%) for 12 months. All patients who remained normotensive for six to 12 months had mean diastolic BPs of 82 mm Hg or less during treatment. There was no signficant correlation between maintenance of normotension and any of the following: pretreatment BP, presence of target-organ damage, duration of known hypertension, family history of hypertension, heart size, body weight, weight gain after stopping diuretic therapy, 24-hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion, serum electrolyte values or renin profile. This study demonstrates that hypertension may be favorably modified, sometimes for many months, by effective antihypertensive treatment. (Archives of Internal Medicine 1982;142:2265–2268)     

Female Friendship,Idealisation and the “Need” For Violence In Crush

This article develops a feminist critical approach capable of responding to the uniquely pessimistic portrayal of female friendship in Crush (Alison Maclean 1992, NZ). Crush questions the possibility of supportive or empathetic relationships, disclosing instead a powerful feminist “need” for violence, between women. This poses a challenge for feminist theory which has yet to be fully understood (it is the first aim of this article to remedy this). Secondly, the article uncovers the same pessimism at the centre of Melanie Klein's psychoanalytic theories of idealisation, demonstrating the “negativity” of Klein's work and its value for feminist approaches to cinema spectatorship.     

女研究生寝室人际冲突问题调查——以四川省某高校为例

寝室人际冲突问题对女研究生的健康成长有一定影响。采用问卷调查法，从寝室相互干扰情况、寝室人际冲突处理方式、寝室生活满意度三个维度对女研究生寝室人际冲突情况进行调查，结果表明：女研究生在寝室感受到相互干扰的情况在专业、寝室人数二因子上差异显著；冲突处理的方式在年级、专业、寝室人数、工作经历以及在寝室学习研究情况五因子上差异显著；寝室生活满意度在专业、寝室人数、工作经历以及在寝室学习研究情况四因子上差异显著。     

我国女性残疾老人的增权问题研究

我国女性残疾老人的残疾率随着年龄增长不断增加,而其受教育水平低,丧偶率高,生活来源单一,社会救助覆盖率低,社会服务严重不足,导致出现"失权"状态.实现对女性残疾老人这一弱势群体的增权,提升其自我发展能力,提高其生活质量,对于贯彻落实科学发展观,构建社会主义和谐社会具有重要的作用和意义.     

女性品德修养研究——从《周易》之不易女德分析

《周易》中的乾坤男女如自然之天地,处之不同,特质各异。坤卦是最纯粹的＂阴＂,其体＂虚而有容＂,其质＂柔而顺承＂。坤阴展现的女德内容丰厚广博,至今极具价值。虽历经岁月,坤阴女德的阴柔、谦逊、中孚、贞固、静守、厚广、温文等简能之德仍昭显其至则不变的恒定特性。这些不易女德内容的设定,恰好地传达了阴阳乾坤有体、合和的理念,体现古人对永恒人伦与自然万物规律性的认知与把握。这些丰盈不变的至则女德,是中国女性道德思想修养的源泉。     

红妆也操觚——袁枚与女性文学

清代文学家袁枚重视对女性进行教育，他反对世俗对女性的偏见，认为学习不是男儿的专利，女子也一样有享受教育的平等权力。袁枚言必行，行必果，为女性创造学习条件，招收女弟子，编《随园女弟子诗选》，对女性诗作大加赞赏与扶持，否定了封建时代“女子无才便是德”的谬论，在当时具有进步意义，于今也有现实意义。     

高校女生恋爱面具的研究

荣格的人格面具概念属于原型范畴,原型是通过原型意象或象征的方式表现出来,更多的是人们在无意识中获得一种表达。恋爱面具是在恋爱交往中的心理活动的外在表现,是个体适应恋爱交往活动的必要工具。高校女生恋爱面具的常见问题有四种:恋爱面具的过分认同;恋爱面具缺失;恋爱面具使用不当;恋爱面具异常。针对高校女生的恋爱面具问题,心理分析的任务主要是唤醒她们恋爱中的无意识,使她们认识并能够接纳自己的无意识,找回迷失的心灵,从而摆脱精神上的迷惘,恰当地运用恋爱面具。     

从谚语看凹型日本文化的语言心理*

谚语古今流传，寓意深刻，往往会被人们认为是思维的依据和行为的准则，同时也生动地体现了该民族的文化。将日本人熟知的“伊吕波纸牌”中出现的谚语加以归纳分析，从内向、忍耐、注重现实意义、注重集体主义四个方面分析了凹型日本民族文化的语言心理。     

清代女性诗人群的总体特征——以清初至道咸诗坛为中心

清代女性诗坛十分活跃和繁荣,涌现了四千余位女性诗人,这是一个庞大的作家群体,在中国女性文学史乃至中华民族文学史上都占有重要的地位。这一庞大的诗人群体凸显出若干总体性特征,即地域性、家族化、伉俪诗缘、多孀居者和边缘性等。这些虽属外部特征,但对进一步考察清代诗歌及其作家群体均具有重要的启发意义。     

论海峡两岸女性小说的叙述分层与自我认同

在海峡两岸女性小说中出现的叙述分层,大体可分为套层、并层和跨层三种模式,其中套层模式最为常见。叙述分层具有独特的叙事优势．尤其在表现女性寻求和建构自我认同的思考与迷惘方面,是一种非常行之有效的叙述策略。对于女性作家而言,不同叙述分层模式的选择和使用,除了形式与技巧之外,更重要的是从中传递出了女性作家们摆脱男权文化规约、构建和谐与平等话语体系的意图和努力。