Reporting Rape in a National Sample of College Women

Abstract

Background: Studies indicate that a small percentage of rapes are reported to law enforcement officials. Research also suggests that rapes perpetrated by a stranger are more likely to be reported and that rapes involving drugs and/or alcohol are less likely to be reported. College women represent a unique and understudied population with regard to reporting rape. Methods: In the current study, the authors interviewed a national sample of 2,000 college women about rape experiences in 2006. Results: Only 11.5% of college women in the sample reported their most recent/only rape experience to authorities, with only 2.7% of rapes involving drugs and/or alcohol reported. Minority status (ie, nonwhite race) was associated with lower likelihood of reporting, whereas sustaining injuries during the rape was associated with increased likelihood of reporting. Discussion: Reporting, particularly for rapes involving drugs and alcohol, is low among college women. Implications for policy are discussed.     

Elder Abuse and Neglect in African American Families: Informing Practice Based on Ecological and Cultural Frameworks

Despite the rapid growth of the elderly African American population in the U.S., elder abuse and neglect in African American families continue to be underdeveloped areas of study. This article presents an ecological and culturally informed framework for the study of elder abuse in African American populations. The model was developed based on Bronfenbrenner's Human Ecological Theory. The model identifies risk factors associated with different systems that have an influence on the lives of African American families. Cultural protective factors also are identified in the model. The model is intended to provide an understanding of elder abuse and neglect in African American families by considering the influence of contextual factors such as the legacy of slavery, social exclusion, and structural segregation and racism. Specific suggestions for practice are proposed according to cultural strengths of African American communities as well as the ecological premises of the model.     

经济领域的软法研究述评

随着软法研究在国内的兴起,众多经济法学者开始关注社会经济生活中存在的软法现象,包括经济领域软法兴起的背景、理论基础、特征、渊源和运行.此外,尚有不少学者将软法理论“嵌入”各类社会经济生活中,洞察具体经济领域的软法现象,梳理出一系列丰硕的研究成果,特别是国际经济、宏观调控、市场规制三领域.同时,软法研究者自身也注意检讨软法现象自身存在的先天不足,并寻求完善软法的合理路径,最大限度发挥软法的效用.由此,国内从事经济领域软法方面的学者,要随时关注社会经济生活出现的新情况,力求“竭泽而渔”,盘点国内外软法、经济领域软法方面的已有研究成果并加以消化,认真总结国内外经济软法理论的研究状况,以先进的理论范式与研究方法为指导展开研究,为后来的研究者提供有益的借鉴.     

Lesbian and Gay Elders and Long-Term Care: Identifying the Unique Psychosocial Perspectives and Challenges

This qualitative study of lesbian and gay elders seeks to identify the psychosocial challenges this community faces regarding long-term care. Two focus groups were conducted among 16 gay elders in community and long-term care settings. Participants reported fear of being rejected or neglected by healthcare providers, particularly personal care aides; fear of not being accepted and respected by other residents; fear of having to go back into the closet if placed in long-term care; and a preference for gay-friendly care. Participants suggested staff training to promote acceptance and respect for gay people, and favorably perceived gay-specific and gay-friendly living arrangements.     

Exploring the Nature of Same-Sex Relationships

This study explored the relationship structure and experiences of 145 people in the United States, aged 50 and above, in long-term, same-sex relationships. A survey assessed relationship satisfaction and roles, caregiving, shared assets, and relationship protection and support. The ENRICH couple scales revealed high scores in communication, conflict resolution, and couple satisfaction. Most participants had taken steps to protect shared assets and assign legal authority to their partners. Participants expressed differing views regarding marriage. This study reveals distinctions based on gender and age that will inform practice with this population.     

Dynamics of age- and size-structured populations in fluctuating environments: Applications of stochastic matrix models to natural populations

Recent developments of the theory of stochastic matrix modeling have made it possible to estimate general properties of age- and size-structured populations in fluctuating environments. However, applications of the theory to natural populations are still few. The empirical studies which have used stochastic matrix models are reviewed here to examine whether predictions made by the theory can be generally found in wild populations. The organisms studied include terrestrial grasses and herbs, a seaweed, a fish, a reptile, a deer and some marine invertebrates. In all the studies, the stochastic population growth rate (ln λ _s ) was no greater than the deterministic population growth rate determined using average vital rates, suggesting that the model based only on average vital rates may overestimate growth rates of populations in fluctuating environments. Factors affecting ln λ _s include the magnitude of variation in vital rates, probability distribution of random environments, fluctuation in different types of vital rates, covariances between vital rates, and autocorrelation between successive environments. However, comprehensive rules were hardly found through the comparisons of the empirical studies. Based on shortcomings of previous studies, I address some important subjects which should be examined in future studies.     

鱼类吞噬细胞和吞噬作用的研究进展

对鱼类吞噬细胞的分离鉴定、吞噬过程等方面的国内外研究成果进行了综述,并介绍了鱼类细胞吞噬作用的机理以及各种因子对吞噬作用的调节,对今后的研究方向进行了展望.     

《诗经》中的鱼文化

《诗经》中出现鱼字和鱼名的地方约有三十余处,涉及的鱼名有鲂、鳢、鲔等十二种;《诗经》中咏鱼诗篇的表现手法有实叙、比拟、象征等多种,也就是古人常说的"赋、比、兴"。并推断出《诗经》时代的捕鱼方法,有竿钓、网捕、笼捕、设池围捕等。文章最后一节,归纳出鱼在《诗经》时代人们生活中具有用于祭礼、烹制佳肴,表示兴盛,作为象征,取以饰物等多方面的作用。     

Subset selection of superior populations when the number of populations is large

The situation where k populations are partitioned into one inferior group and one superior group is considered. The statistical problem is to select a random size subset of superior populations while trying to avoid including any inferior populations. A selection procedure is assumed to satisfy the condition that the probability of selecting at least one superior population is bounded below by P¹<1. The performance of a procedure is measured by the probability of including an inferior population.The asymptotic performance, as k→∞ of Gupta's traditional maximum type procedure ψ^G is considered in the location-model. For normally distributed populations, ψ^G turns out to be asymptotically optimal, provided the size of the inferior group does not become infinitely larger than the size of the superior group.     

养鱼高产的稻田水稻减产原因与对策探讨

试验研究及大面积调查一致表明:鲜鱼亩产20～150kg,鲜鱼产出量与稻谷增产率呈极显著线性负相关关系,y=11.375～0.1543x,r=-0.9951;结果还表明,有效穗不足是养鱼高产的稻田水稻减产的实质性原因。为此初步提出了相应对策。