Gender and Power: Sex Segregation in American and Polish Higher Education as a Case Study

This article presents a comparative case study of the manifestation of sex segregation in higher education in the United States and in Poland from the end of the 19th century to the 1930s. The study is guided by a theoretical framework, which is organized around a concept of power and derived from The Sources of Social Power by Michael Mann (1986). In the United States, well-developed capitalism, democracy, and the ideology of separate spheres underlay the high collective power of men, their distributive power over women and—consequently—high levels of sex segregation in higher education. Contrastly, in Poland, weak capitalism and lack of democracy meant less collective and distributive power of men, which produced lower levels of educational sex segregation.     

试论公民的平等权

公民离不开平等权,平等权是宪法与宪政的重要内容。平等权应是公民的一个具体的基本权利,不能把它看作是一个宪法原则或者法制原则。本文对平等权的宪法渊源、含义及其与宪法基本人权、法治原则和刑法平等原则的关系、效力范围等进行了探析。     

教育平等、教育公平与社会进步--兼论教育收费与教育分流

教育平等、教育公平和教育分流是现代化以来教育理念发展的几个里程碑,反映了人类对社会进步和自身素质提高的不断追求.总结和反思各国在教育平等、教育公平和教育分流方面经历的过程和经验,对我国教育事业的发展具有启发意义.     

Consumption in the Korean Wedding Ritual: Wedding Ritual Values, Consumer Needs, and Expenditures

Recently, consumer researchers have been interested in rituals that concisely express the consumption system in a culture. This article studies the Korean wedding ritual. The particular focus is on consumer values, needs, and expenditures related to Korean weddings. Research hypotheses were developed by analyzing the consumption phenomena in a sociocultural context and using focus groups and in-depth interviews. The author suggests that hedonic values relating to wedding rituals influence conspicuous and female-focused consumption. Implications of the study and further consumption research issues are discussed.     

Does gender ideology explain differences between countries regarding the involvement of women and of men in paid and unpaid work?

Women spend more time doing household work than men, and men spend more time working at paying jobs outside the home than women. But studies also show that there are major differences between countries regarding the degree to which women and men involve themselves in different kinds of labour activity. The main aim of the article is to analyse the significance of gender ideology when studying differences between countries regarding the involvement of women and men in paid and unpaid work. The analysis is based on national random samples from ten OECD countries that were collected within the framework of ISSP 1994. The conclusions are: (a) gender ideology has an impact in all the studied countries on the degree to which women and men involve and engage themselves in labour and (b) gender ideology partially explains the differences between countries regarding women's and men's involvement in paid and unpaid work.     

生育权的理性探究

近年来,围绕生育权,法学界进行了较为热烈的探讨。这种探讨不仅存在于亲属法领域,而且也存在于人格权法领域。研究视角的不同,导致生育权的性质界定及法律阐释的差异与矛盾。为摆脱生育权研究的茫然与结论的多元,澄清生育权的价值认知与法律建构已成必然。     

我国义务教育阶段中的性别不平等问题研究

义务教育阶段中的性别不平等问题是当前学术界关注的热点问题,笔者主要对我国义务教育阶段教育中性别不平等的两种表现即入学机会的不平等、教育内容上的不平等进行了阐述;对产生此问题的原因从社会层面、教育层面、个体层面三个层面进行了阐释,并提出了相应的对策.     

Gender and friendship: relationships within peer groups of young children

We examined the influences of developing gender segregation on children's friendship maintenance in a longitudinal sample of 40 (17 girls) children who began their peer group experiences as infants. Friendships were behaviorally identified and social interaction was observed and rated six times between average age 16.3 months and average age 49.1 months. The proportion of cross-gender friendships increased with age only when children formed friendships outside of the core group of peers with whom they had begun infant care. Girl-girl and cross-gender friendships were more likely to be maintained than boy-boy friendships. Cross-gender friends tended to be similar in gregariousness in both toddler and preschool periods, similar in hostile aggression as toddlers, and similar in withdrawn behavior as preschoolers. Same-gender friends were not similar in social interaction style. Social skill similarity was generally more important as a basis for friendship in the toddler periods than in the preschool periods. However, cross-gender friends tended to be similar in social skills throughout both the toddler and preschool periods.     

Time,housework, and the rest of life

Although time envelops all human activities, only now are social scientists giving attention to this variable. Analysis of how American people spent their time in 1965, 1975, and 1985 from national time-diary studies suggests several current beliefs and conclusions that appear misguided or unsupported. Extending the scope of the discussion to include other aspects of peoples' lives (output, satisfactions) suggests ways in which different allocations of time to activities do and do not reflect the value people place on different groups of activities (i.e., lifestyles). Changes in these indicators of social-psychological life over time are needed to help interpret straightforward data on how people spend time.His research interests include social science measurement and methods as well as the impact of technology on social trends. He received his Ph.D. in Sociology and Mathematical Psychology from the University of Michigan.     

论妇女受教育程度对全面建设小康社会的影响

全面建设小康社会是十六大的一个新的奋斗目标.在全面建设小康社会中,妇女受教育程度对妇女就业和经济收入以及社会可持续发展具有重要的影响,这对我们在新世纪认识妇女受教育程度的重要性,全面建设小康社会具有现实意义.