社会性别视角下的电脑游戏

本文以社会性别为研究的视角,通过对电脑游戏中女性地位、形象、性格等现象的描述,表达一种对现代电脑游戏色情和暴力倾向的批判。并对这些现象进行原因分析,总结出社会文化影响和女性自身觉悟性弱的两个根本原因。文章结尾呼吁一场电脑游戏革命,配合教育模式的变革,期望赋予游戏更多的人文精神和女性思维。     

女性身份的书写与重构——试论当代海外华人女作家的身份书写

身份问题成为20世纪90年代之后女性主义文学批评中的一个焦点问题,这在海外华人女作家的创作中表现得尤为明显.漂泊海外的经历使她们对身份有着更多的感受和思考,为融入居住国主流社会,她们徘徊在中西文化边缘,记录着身份转变过程中艰难的心路历程.基于这一共同的创作主题,文章突破了海外华文文学研究的语言界限,分析了三位海外女作家於梨华、汤亭亭和虹影的作品,表明对自我身份的书写和重构已经成为当代海外华人女作家创作中一种自觉的身份书写.     

Gender Differences in Perceived Disciplinary Fairness

This exploratory study coded and analysed 120 behaviours on videotaped data of 111 male and 30 female managers engaged in disciplinary discussions with one of their unionized employees. Four categories of behaviour were coded: non‐verbal communication, speech characteristics, leadership and interactional justice. A factor analysis of the results generated 14 factors, ten of which were correlated with experts’ ratings of disciplinary fairness. Female managers exhibited significantly higher levels of seven of the ten behavioural factors. Female managers also made more supportive interruptions than male managers and took more time for the disciplinary discussion, both of which were positively correlated with disciplinary fairness. The results suggest that leadership and communication styles commonly found in females may lead them to be better equipped than male managers to manage employee discipline situations.     

Explaining the Gender Gap in Help to Parents: The Importance of Employment

Although it is well established that adult daughters spend more time giving assistance to their parents than do sons, the sources of this gender gap are not well understood. This paper asks: To what extent can this gap be explained by structural variation, especially the different rates of employment and kinds of jobs that women and men tend to hold? Using data from the National Survey of Families and Households (N = 7,350), the paper shows that both employment status and job characteristics, especially wages and self‐employment, are important factors in explaining the gender gap in the help given to parents, and that these operate similarly for women and men.     

Childcare involvement, job characteristics, gender and work attitudes as predictors of emotional exhaustion and sickness absence

Reports in the literature vary regarding the existence of gender differences in relation to burnout and sickness absence. To investigate this, the present study was aimed at investigating the role of several gender-relevant variables, particularly childcare obligations, job characteristics, and work attitudes in emotional exhaustion and sickness absence in 404 male and female nurses in an institution for people with learning difficulties. Questionnaires were administered reflecting demographic and job characteristics, work and non-work attitudes, and emotional exhaustion (as measured by the Emotional Exhaustion Scale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory). Female nurses were expected to report higher levels of emotional exhaustion and to be absent through sickness more often than men. Also, childcare investment, job characteristics, and (non) work attitudes were expected—via emotional exhaustion—to predict gender differences in sickness absence. It was found that women did not have higher sickness absence rates, and although a gender difference appeared in emotional exhaustion it was in the opposite direction from that predicted. For both genders, emotional exhaustion had a significant positive effect on sickness absence, and especially childcare investment and number of work hours appeared to contribute to both outcomes. These results are of interest because, despite current stereotypes, sickness absence was not higher in women, and neither were women more at risk for emotional exhaustion. In particular, load—workload as well as care load—appeared to predict emotional exhaustion and thus sickness absence.     

美国多元文化主义理论再认识

美国多元文化主义理论是一个涉及诸多学科领域的复杂的重大课题.在社会学上,该理论需要从理论社会学和应用社会学两方面来认识;在民族学上,该理论需要从美利坚民族的形成与发展来认识;在人种学和种族学上,该理论需要从移民与美国种族关系来认识;在宗教学上,该理论需要从美国宗教多元化及其发展变化来认识;在性别学上,该理论需要从女权主义和同性恋等角度来认识;在语言学和教育学上,该理论需要从美国多语种的使用和教育体制中的平等问题来认识.     

“人造美女”社会性别解析

从时下"人造美女"热浪一阵高过一阵的社会现实出发,以社会学的眼光和社会性别文化的视角审视"人造美女"现象,通过文化和市场的分析来挖掘现象背后的深层原因,旨在呼吁先进的社会性别文化,矫正变态的审美文化,还"美"以自然的真相。     

The Influence of Social Context on Partnerships in Canadian Health Systems

Partnerships, collaboration, joined‐up government; these terms have become common elements of global health and social policy discourse. The terms may be pervasive but there remain significant challenges to collaborative ways of working. We argue that some of these challenges arise from a failure to account explicitly for the influence of social context. Between 1999 and 2001 we conducted a comparative case study of partnerships in Canadian health systems in which we examined specifically the roles of social context and gender. Social structures directly linked to formalized health systems are embedded in social institutions based on patriarchal and bureaucratic practices that do not traditionally support the relational practices required for the development of partnerships. While individuals within such organizations may have the knowledge, skills and commitment to collaborate, in such an environment, tremendous resource expenditures are required to achieve and maintain collaborative advantage.     

Gendered Work Meets Gendered Goods: Selling and Service in Clothing Retail

This article explores the way retail work entails a complex form of gendering. Three distinct, but related, forms of gendering interweave in this sector of the service economy. These are the gendering of the work tasks, the gendered structure of the occupation and the gender of the retail environment. Using insights from the sociology of consumption and expanding the notion of aesthetic labour to incorporate insights from Bourdieu's sociology, the article explores how retail workers manifest particular forms of gendered embodiment, enacting a different sort of feminine performance according to the brand strategies of the organization they are employed in. The gendered objects of consumption are thus shown to be critical to understanding the nature of retail service work.     

中小学教师育人素养与育人效果的性别差异调查研究

教师性别是审视教育活动的重要视角。教师育人素养和育人效果伴随着教师性别比例失衡的加剧而日益受到社会关注。采用自编的"中小学教师育人素养调查表"中小学教师育人效果调查表"以及Paulhus编制的"操纵印象量表",对来自重庆市30所中小学校182个班级的522名教师以及3 852名学生进行调查。研究发现：中小学男女教师的育人素养状况总体趋同且成分趋近;育人素养的性别差异存在稳定性和可变性;在具体体现育人素养的一些项目上男女教师表现出各自的性别优势;语文学科教师性别差异对学生成绩有显著影响,语数外学科均不存在同性教育效应;女班主任有比男班主任更好的育人效果及性别平等意识,但男女班主任都存在城乡偏好;班级教师性别比例均衡对学生发展有良好的促进作用,教师性别比例失衡减弱了对学生发展的促进作用,但没有带来明显不利的影响。针对研究结果提出了优化教师性别结构、重塑教师性别角色期待以及在关注整体女性化失衡的同时警惕局部男性化失衡等建议。