民族传统聚落旅游价值认知的中西方差异——以中国“堂安侗寨”为例

民族传统聚落作为传统社会的活化石和民族民间乡土文化的主要载体,发挥着独特的文化传承功能和记忆功能.民族传统聚落旅游具有典型的文化消费行为,与旅游者的价值认知密切相连.从价值主体—中西方旅游者认知的角度,以中国“堂安侗寨”的时空(旅游前、旅游后、中国、西方)两个层面,选取效率价值、质量价值、成本价值、服务价值和社会价值与享乐价值六个观测变量,探讨中西方旅游者对民族传统聚落旅游地旅游价值的认知,分析二者在六个观测变量上的认知差异,为民族传统聚落旅游地旅游发展提供思路.     

Formalization of Urban Poor Vendors and their Contribution to Tourism Development in Manila,Philippines

The growth of tourism and tourism development affects the urban poor both positively and negatively. Positively, they have more opportunities to find jobs in the tourism sector or increase their income when their jobs are related to tourism. They can also be the beneficiaries of pro-poor tourism projects. Negatively, they are viewed as an obstacle to tourism development where clean and modern images are sought. This study looks at park vendors (a type of urban poor) in Rizal Park, Manila, Philippines. This group is unique because it is not treated as a hindrance to tourism development and the vendors are considered as the beneficiaries of pro-poor tourism projects. They are active contributors to tourism development. When a government agency formalized their businesses, vendors' safety and pride increased. This study provides a case in which a shift from the informal sector to the formal sector contributed to the increased welfare of the urban poor. The shift was possible because of a national tourism drive generating favorable conditions, and the vendors' struggle to obtain the right to work in the park. In this paper, I discuss how the vendors achieved a legal status and show current conditions of their work and their relationship with a government agency after obtaining the right. Data for this study were collected between 2005 and 2008.     

Breaking Point

No abstract available for this article.     

Integrating a Top‐Down and a Bottom‐Up Approach: Formal and Informal Risk‐Handling Strategies in a Utility Company

In this study, we bring together a top‐down and a bottom‐up approach of risk handling. We do so by conceptualizing and qualitatively and quantitatively measuring formal and informal risk‐handling strategies in a Dutch utility company. We conceive of formal risk handling as regulating, training, and educating safety and enforcing rule compliance, while we distinguish three different informal risk‐handling strategies: discretionary specialization, tacit knowledge, and taking personal responsibility. We show that the formal risk‐handling strategy and the three informal risk‐handling strategies can be measured separately. Hence, we have validated the measurement of all four strategies derived from two different risk‐handling approaches. Moreover, we have demonstrated that the perceived use of the four strategies has different effects on unsafe behavior: formal risk handling and tacit knowledge decrease it, discretion increases it, and taking personal responsibility has no effect on unsafe behavior.     

非正式群体在大学生管理工作中的作用探析

本文以大学生中的非正式群体为研究对象，对在高校学生管理工作中如何发挥非正式群体的积极作用·克服其消极作用，使之成为校园建设和学校发展的积极力量做了充分的探讨。     

非形式逻辑或论证逻辑：论证型式

作为非形式逻辑和论辩理论核心主题的论证型式，也日益成为论辩的人工智能方法关注的焦点。论证型式表征日常论证的常见合情论证模式，它是一种语用结构，往往表达为可废止的肯定前件式。在一些人工智能学者看来，这些论证型式是和演绎论证形式并肩而立的推论规则。论证型式的规范力源于避免语用不一致的理性要求。这种规范力不仅和某种型式的结构有关，而且更由适宜使用该型式的环境加以保证。这些环境条件用匹配的批判性问题加以刻画。批判性问题一方面向论证者警示了某种论证型式可能会遭到弃用的可能的环境条件，另一方面也向挑战者暗示了攻击该型式的切入点。满足批判性问题要求的论证型式将生成有利于结论的一个假设。在对话中，恰当地使用论证型式的一个团体，将把证明责任转移到另一团体。然而，如果论证型式的适宜使用的环境条件不能被保证的话，论证型式就蜕变为谬误。大多数所谓的非形式谬误正是论证型式的不恰当使用的后果。     

当代城乡居民的生活结构

把一个人拥有的社会关系和参与的社会团体作为生活结构的构成要素,来考察城乡居民的生活结构,可以发现:越是农村特征显著的地区,居民的生活越依赖于非正规性社会关系;城乡居民都没有积极地参与社会团体,生活结构主要由以亲戚、邻居为主的非正规性社会关系构成;城市居民因形成的社会关系少,又没有积极地参与社会团体,因此与社会结构的结合相对松弛一些;城乡居民拥有的社会关系和参与的社会团体因个人社会特征而不同。这种差异是由于社会结构的变动在城乡间、宏观层面和微观层面、物质领域和意识领域不同步,以及城乡居民在社会结构中的不同位置而引起的。     

城市劳动力市场二元分割与外来农业户籍劳动者社会保障权益缺失

传统的城乡分割的社会保障制度既是户籍制度的衍生物,又固化了城乡分割的劳动力市场。自20世纪90年代以来,中国的劳动力市场已不再仅仅是城乡分割和部门分割,而是呈现出多重分割的趋势。劳动力市场的分割意味着不同的劳动群体享有就业机会、公共服务和社会保障的差别。本文对中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所的五城市调查数据进行了剖析,证明了在城市劳动力市场多重分割的情况下,流入城市的外来农村劳动力在就业时显现出较大的非正规就业特性,是被排斥在城市社会保障体系外的主体人群。     

关于我国非正式金融存在的思考

我国非正式金融的产生有其深刻的时代背景,非国有经济的发展,会不断内生出对非正式金融制度的需求,因此,运用制度经济学原理分析我国非正式金融存在的原因及对经济的负面影响,探讨非正式金融的发展空间,将有助于政府对非正式金融的引导和扶持策略做出理性选择。