Living Arrangements, Employment Status, and the Economic Well-Being of Mothers: Evidence from Brazil, Chile, and the U.S

Using data from Brazil, Chile, and the U.S., we estimate country specific models of household income that characterize mothers according to their marital status, living arrangement, and employment status. We assess the predicted economic well-being of each type of mother relative to a benchmark of married mothers in the same country, and at various points in the income distribution. We find dramatic cross-country differences in the distribution of mothers across categories, but few differences in each type's relative economic status. In all three countries and at all points in the income distribution, mothers who are the only adults in their households have the lowest levels of predicted income, while married mothers—followed closely by cohabitors—have the highest levels.     

The Role of Family Income in the Intergenerational Association of AFDC Receipt

Daughters from low‐income families who did not receive Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) are compared to daughters from low‐income families who did receive assistance to better account for family income in the intergenerational association of AFDC. The research models the timing of a daughter's first birth and, for those who become mothers, the number of years a daughter receives any AFDC. Women whose families received AFDC during their childhood are more likely to receive AFDC as adults relative to those women whose families did not receive AFDC. Controlling for family income in a more careful and comprehensive way than past research explains part but not all of the effects of childhood AFDC receipt. Among daughters from chronically poor families, however, parental AFDC use is not associated with additional years of AFDC participation. Although the present research cannot confirm or deny a causal role for parental welfare use, the intergenerational transmission of financial resources does explain part of the intergenerational association of welfare use.     

低层次产业对智力的挤出效应

低层次产业对解决低技术劳动力就业有益，但对智力资源扣科教基本设施却会带来损害。本文探讨产业发展和教育发展的关系．着重探讨低层次产业对智力资源和设施的国际挤出效应，地区挤出效应和本地挤出效应。本文同时指出低层次产业尽管对智力存在负面效应，但不应该因此否定它，并且提出在我国产业布局和地方经济发展中应遵循梯度转移的规律，谨防欠发达区低层次产业发展对智力挤出的同时对收入也形成挤出，谨防发达区因为产业层次不高对智力形成挤出．谨防欠发达区盲目发展高层次产业对低技术劳动力形成驱赶等政策建议。     

Making ends meet: perceptions of poverty in Sweden

During the era after the Second World War, Sweden has built a welfare system based on labor market participation and income maintenance. Low unemployment and decent wages are supposed to guarantee people a labor market income or income maintenance, which in turn should provide a proper standard for everyone. However, a rapid increase in unemployment and economic problems have made the future of the Swedish welfare state more uncertain than ever. These circumstances have, among other things, led to the suggestion that Sweden should abandon the income maintenance policy and create a social policy system with the more limited ambition of guaranteeing everyone a minimum income. In that case, one central question must be answered: what constitutes a decent minimum income in today's Sweden? Where should we draw the poverty line under which people will not be forced to live? These questions are central in the current debate. The consensual poverty line method is used in this article to derive a poverty line relevant for today's Sweden. The results shows that more than every fifth household has an income below the consensual poverty line. That is, they have an income that most Swedes would argue is too low to make ends meet. The level of the consensual poverty line was compared with the National Board of Health and Welfare's guidelines for social assistance. The consensual poverty line was shown to be more generous to small households and the norm for social assistance was more generous to larger households. Finally, the expenditure for guaranteeing all Swedish household a minimum income equal to the consensual poverty line was estimated: more than SEK 25 billion per year. The results in the article casts serious doubt on the ability of the Swedish welfare state to secure a decent income to all citizens.     

Who Gets What From Government? Distributional Consequences of Child‐Care Assistance Policies

Given the fragmented structure of child‐care assistance in the United States, it has been difficult to obtain accurate estimates of which families are assisted, through which mechanisms, and at what level. Making use of survey data from New York City, we analyze the distribution of several forms of public child‐care assistance. Results suggest that about 40% of all families with young children receive some form of child‐care assistance. Considering all forms of assistance, the distribution of child‐care help is targeted in both expected and some unexpected ways. Implications of these results are discussed in the context of U.S. child‐care policies governing access and benefit levels.     

数字素养与农户收入差距:加剧还是缓解?——基于中西部地区的微观证据

数字经济时代,数字贫困问题对农户收入差距的影响引发新的关注。基于2021年中国农村经济与农村金融数据,采用再中心化响应函数(RIF)回归方法探究数字素养对农户收入差距的影响。研究发现:(1)数字素养显著扩大了农户收入差距,并具备明显的马太效应,高数字素养能够攫取更多数字红利,而低数字素养更容易陷入“数字贫困”状态,无法发挥出数字经济的增收效应。(2)应用数字素养会显著加剧农户收入差距,而通用数字素养对农户收入差距的影响并不显著。这种情况也得以印证,现阶段数字“接入鸿沟”已经得以解决,数字“应用鸿沟”差距逐渐凸显。(3)数字素养能够缩小农户财产性收入差距,但会显著扩大工资性收入差距与非农经营性收入差距。脱贫地区受到数字素养的马太效应更强,农户收入差距明显加剧。研究结论证实了我国农村内部存在明显的数字鸿沟,同时数字贫困问题加剧了农户收入差距。新发展阶段我国数字乡村战略的推进不仅要注重农村低收入群体以及弱势群体数字素养的培育,更要加快构建农村数字经济的包容性发展路径,助力农民农村共同富裕的实现。     

大城市低收入老人群体状况分析

本文依据在广州的调查数据 ,揭示了低收入老人的群体特征 ,提出制订老龄政策时 ,适当照顾低收入老人 ,同时动员家庭、单位和社会都来积极关心这部分脆弱群体     

人力资本与教授收入

自从建国以来 ,教授收入一直是下降的。改革后 ,教授收入总体上低于其人力资本价值的状况仍未得到扭转。造成这种状况的原因是多方面的 ,但根本原因在于传统的高等教育体制不合理与无效率 ;在于高教领域里缺少激励—约束机制 ;冗员过多 ,而在分配上又向非教学人员倾斜 ;在于高校间缺少竞争与淘汰机制 ,使教育家兼企业家型的校长无法形成 ,也无人对教授的人力资本进行负责的评价。现行职称评定体系存在着严重的弊端 ,导致教授“市场”出现“柠檬市场”。在短期内因退出障碍虽不会出现“劣币逐良币” ,但在长期内 ,教授学术水平下降则是必然的。     

韩国人口老龄化过程及其启示

韩国人口老龄化的过程与中国有很多相似之处,经历了20世纪50年代的高生育率和死亡率降低、60年代以后的生育率下降直到目前的超低生育率,韩国人口在世纪之交快速进入老龄化阶段。预计初婚年龄的升高、持续的低生育率和育龄妇女数量的减少将会使韩国人口进一步老化。快速的人口老龄化已经为韩国社会带来了一系列的经济和社会问题,应对老龄化带来的挑战成为国家面临的重大问题。韩国的老龄化过程、现状以及采取相应的对策,将对中国具有启示意义。     

地区间个人收入差距的状况及特点(英文)

在地区收入差距的文献中,一直缺乏从个人收入角度出发的研究;而关于个人收入分配的研究,也很少考察地区差异。文章使用2005年全国1％人口普查数据,从个人收入角度描述了全国及（几种不同定义下的）地区间的个人收入差距,并分析了影响个人收入差距的因素,得到了一些有意义的结果。