Gender Differences in Risk Perception: Effects Differ in Stressed vs. Non-Stressed Environments

Contrary to previous reports that women are more concerned about environmental risks than men, we hypothesized that men and women residing in neighborhoods stressed by multiple hazards would demonstrate similar concerns about local environmental conditions. Analysis of a national data base and an aggregate of ten local data bases found greater female than male concern about local technological, behavioral, and land use hazards in good neighborhoods, but, as expected, not in stressed ones. We urge analysts to conduct more studies in stressed neighborhoods in order to better understand the perspective of those who live with environmental risks.     

论《世说新语》“女才男貌”意识

"男才女貌"是中国传统的择偶标准,这与男尊女卑的思想有很大关系。《世说新语》是魏晋时期的一面镜子,它折射出时人对这一传统观念的大胆反叛,我们可以感受到魏晋女子那张扬的个性、机智勇敢的才情,而魏晋男子的仪容之美、形态之美和言辞之美也给人留下深刻的印象。魏晋时期"女才男貌"意识产生的原因既是时代风尚的影响,也与女子地位的提高有关。     

Marriage and the Homosexual Body: It's About Race

Any analogy between race and homosexuality cannot erase the fact that skin color has marked and continues to mark bodies for special punishment and necessary protection. Yet, the analogy has also been forged in the struggles against sexual discrimination and in the courts to recognize same-sex marriage as a basic civil right. My purposes here are, first, to review the role the race-sexual orientation analogy has played in same-sex marriage debates, second to examine the analogy within the context of race and queer theories and, finally, to suggest a racial dimension to sexuality that marks the homosexual body.     

Reactions to First Postpubertal Coitus and First Male Postpubertal Same-Sex Experience in The Kinsey Sample: Examining Assumptions in German Law Concerning Sexual Self-Determination and Age Cutoffs

ABSTRACT

In German law, sexual self-determination is seen as undeveloped in minors ≤13 and underdeveloped from 14 to 15. Consequently, harm from sex with adults is assumed likely in the former and possible in the latter. We tested assumed harm using the Kinsey data on first postpubertal coitus and male same-sex experience by comparing reactions across 5 groups: minors/peers; minors ≤13/adults; minors 14–15/adults; minors 16–17/adults; adults/adults. Contrary to assumptions, for example, minors ≤13 with adults reacted just as positively and no more negatively than adults with adults. Present-day relevance of these data in light of cultural changes since Kinsey's time is discussed.     

Stigma Consciousness Concerns Related to Drug Use and Sexuality in a Sample of Street-Based Male Sex Workers

Abstract

Measurement of, and response to, three different stigmas and their exposure (homosexual behavior, sex work, and drug use) were studied a group of 90 key-informant recruited male sex workers in Houston, Texas who were over 18 and had exchanged sex for money in the previous 7 days. Respondents reported on self-identified sexual orientation and were interviewed, including providing responses on a measure of perceived stigma relating to sexual behavior and drug use. Two thirds were white, almost all had used drugs (many in the past week), and half had ever injected. A fifth identified as heterosexual, with the remainder split between gay and bisexually-identified men. There was a high level of homelessness and contact with the criminal justice system for drug and property offences. Consciousness about drug-related stigma was moderately associated with concerns about drug-related exposure and sensitivity to rejection as a drug user, but not to exposure as homosexual or as a sex worker. Drug-using status is related to greater concern about exposure as a sex worker. Data suggest that stigma is domain-specific and that there are different patterns of response to different stigmata in the same individual. Measurement of stigmata and concern about exposure and rejection need to be specific to stigmatized behaviors, and not generalized to other stigmatized behaviors since the data suggest that they are minimally related.     

A型男性与E型女性的集合体——论王熙凤性格的心理基质

传统的观点认为王熙凤是反面典型。现在有必要对她进行社会历史的重新定位。从心理学的角度看 ,她有着A型男性的特征、个性行为模式、个性心理基质 ,又具备E型女性的特质 ,这些 ,构成了王熙凤人生悲剧的心理因素     

'Good lesbian, bad lesbian…': regulating heterosexuality in fostering and adoption assessments

The paper examines the assessment of lesbians who apply to foster or adopt, using data generated from 30 interviews with local authority social workers. Using feminist and queer theories, the author suggests that lesbian applicants pose a challenge to the discourse of 'compulsory gender and heterosexuality' which structures fostering and adoption work. It is argued that this discourse relies upon a series of assumptions about the automatic fitness of heterosexual applicants, especially concerning the idea of gender and sexuality role models needed for children's development. Further, this 'heteronormative' discourse relies upon the continuing need to make 'other' the categories 'lesbian' or 'gay'. The article considers how 'the lesbian' is constructed as a 'threat', as 'militant', or as 'automatically safe' in assessments, and makes the point that social work is productive of versions of the lesbian subject. The author argues that only certain versions are likely to be approved to foster or adopt, particularly that which is termed 'the good lesbian'.     

理想与现实的两难抉择 ——从唐代户婚制度看唐传奇的婚恋现象

从唐律特别是户婚律这一角度审视唐传奇中的婚恋小说,其主要内容存在着突破与遵循的双重性.唐律确定了良贱等级制度,保护了家长特别是男方家长对婚姻的控制权,从而使女性处于受压迫的不平等地位,因之女性对婚恋的追求表现得比男性更为勇敢果毅.唐传奇小说及其人物对礼法突破与遵循的双重性,使得人物在理想与现实的两难抉择中刻画得更为生动活泼,从而更深层次地反映了唐代丰富而广阔的社会现实.     

The presence of the absent father: how lone mothers with sons construct and animate the absent father through narratives

This article builds upon results from an empirical study of nine cases where single mothers and their teenage sons have reflected on the relationship to the absent father and on his significance for the family. The results have led us to reflect further on how the construction of a father figure is shaped. The cases are selected from ongoing interventions from the social services. The child's age at the start of the father's absence varied from birth to seven years old or more. Through analysis of the different cases of mother–son dyad, their narratives and their joint construction of a father figure, the dyad transforms into a triad with the presence of the absent father. Also discussed is the question of which underlying conditions contribute to the need for a joint construction of the father. Further, doubt is cast on the one-sided gender perspective that presupposes young men's need for an adult man as a model of masculinity. The analysis is related to Swedish legislation, emphasising the importance of ascribed biological parenthood, meaning that fathers’ right to joint custody and to visit the child have been strengthened. Along with the biological relationship, the welfare state also regulates the content of fatherhood, i.e. a state-controlled fatherhood.     

英雄向凡人的退落——《诗经·国风》中的男子形象及男性美的变迁

十五《国风》虽去上古未远,但从其中男子形象来看,已异于上古神话时代的单纯崇拜勇和力.《国风》中男子形象多种多样,除孔武有力的勇士外,还有风流倜傥的男子、美貌如花的男子、情意缱绻的男子、幽忧避世的隐士、劝人行乐的登徒子等,更有志高行洁的君子,他们都具有凡人的特征.由此可见,神话英雄此时正向凡人退落,而男性美也从原先的感性渐渐趋向于理性.