The “Aging Males’ Symptoms” Scale (AMS): predictive value for lowered circulating androgens

Background: Symptoms of the “male climacteric” are often at least in part referred to an age-dependent decline of serum androgen levels. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship of climacteric symptoms as assessed by the “Aging Males’ Symptoms” (AMS) Questionnaire with circulating androgen levels. Methods: 146 ambulatory men (age, 27–85 years) were surveyed with the AMS Questionnaire and sampled for serum values of total testosterone (tT) and sexual hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Free testosterone (fT) was calculated from tT and SHBG. A total AMS score ≥37 was considered pathological; the lower limits for tT and fT were set to 8 nmol/l and 180 pmol/l, respectively. Results: A significant deficit in tT and fT was shown in 25 (17.1%) and 34 (24.5%) men, respectively; the AMS Questionnaire showed pathological results for 66 (45.2%) men. In predicting a tT deficit, the AMS Questionnaire rendered a sensitivity of 76% and a specificity of 61.6%, only. However, multiple regression analysis revealed a significant correlation of lowered tT with a pathological somatovegetative and psychological AMS subscore (p = 0.042 and p = 0.01) and a correlation of lowered fT with a pathological sexual subscore (p = 0.039). Conclusion: In predicting hypogonadism the AMS Questionnaire in total did not render a sufficient diagnostic efficiency.     

The Influence of Intimate Violence on Transitions out of Cohabitation

Does the experience of violence in a cohabiting union lead participants away from marriage and toward separation, or does violence have only minimal impact once other characteristics of unions and their participants are controlled? This issue is examined using a sample of 411 cohabiting couples followed in both waves of the National Survey of Families and Households. Marriage and separation are treated as competing risks. Results show that violence does have an effect, although dissimilar effects emerge for transitions to separation, as opposed to marriage. Net of other factors, intense male violence—male violence that is more severe than the female partner's—raises the hazard of separation. In contrast, female violence, but not male violence, lowers the rate of marriage. The findings appear robust to a variety of operationalizations of partner violence.     

动物繁育子代的成本收益分析

动物繁育子代的行为与经济学中的理性人行为一样 ,进行成本收益的计算。在对成本和收益进行比较后 ,动物形成三种繁殖方式 ,即直接繁育、间接繁育和坐享其成。同性恋行为的经济基础就是坐享其成取得遗传收益的特殊情况。人类的生育行为也遵循成本收益计算的经济规律     

大学新生语言学习观念实证研究

我们以274名大学新生为调查对象,采用问卷和半结构访谈的方法,探究了大学新生语言学习观念的总体倾向,比较了男女大学新生在语言学习观念上的差异。结果表明:(1)大多数语言学习者持有对英语学习有利的语言学习观念;(2)男、女学习者只在有关学习动机的语言学习观念上存在显著性差异。针对研究结果通过分析相关原因,我们思考并提出了几条教学建议,希望对英语教学有所突破。     

Young Male Street Workers: Life Histories and Current Experiences

The current study aims to reveal the experiences of young malestreet prostitutes in Israel, providing a stage for the voiceof this marginal group to be heard, as we believe youth workersneed to know more about these young people’s lives beforewe can offer meaningful responses. The study was guided by twomain questions: (1) What accounts do young men who work as prostitutesprovide for their involvement in the sex industry? and (2) Whatare their experiences as young males engaged in prostitution?Using the life story interview and thematic analysis, four mainthemes were revealed: (a) a life-long path to prostitution;(b) entering prostitution; (c) interpersonal encounters whileengaging in prostitution; and (d) the consequences of workingin prostitution. The results highlight the lack of meaningfulinterpersonal relationships in the lives of these young men.Practical recommendations are made to better inform youth workersassisting this high-risk population.     

Examining the Relationship Between Female Inmate Homosexual Behavior and Attitudes Toward Homosexuality and Homosexuals

Most sociologists and penologists tend to shy away from studying inmate attitudes toward homosexuality and homosexuals. Researchers within the corrections field who focus on prison sexuality typically conduct their research on consensual samesex sexual behavior and sexual coercion. The focus of the present study, however, was to ascertain female inmates' attitudes toward homosexuality and homosexuals while exploring the role ofseveral predictor variables on their attitudes. Specifically, the authors examine the relationship between female inmate homosexual behavior and attitudes toward homosexuality and homosexuals. Because of the number of items pertaining to attitudes toward homosexuality and homosexuals, factor analysis was conducted to examine whether the items measured similar constructs. Results ofthe factor analysis revealed two distinct factors/issues:civil/personal rights and personal deviance models. The mostsalient, and only statistically significant, variables in the civil/personal rights model were age, homosexual activity prior to incarceration, and homosexual activity during incarceration. Homosexual behavior during incarceration was the only statistically significant predictor of the personal deviance model.     

劳动力市场歧视成本究竟谁买单？*

本文基于雇主的性别歧视模型对长、短期劳动力市场歧视成本收益进行分析,研究表明,短期劳动力市场上歧视性雇主为歧视成本的“消费者”,被歧视的女性劳动力为歧视成本的“买单者”;长期劳动力市场上歧视性雇主和被歧视的女性劳动力都是歧视成本的“买单者”,而离职的不再被歧视的女性劳动力却成为抵抗歧视的“受益者”;无论在短期还是长期劳动力市场上歧视性雇主获得的利润都低于非歧视性雇主。劳动力市场歧视程度主要取决于劳动力供给数量、非歧视性雇主数量以及歧视性雇主的偏见程度。     

论萧红作品中的女性形象及女权意识

纵观萧红的全部作品的主角几乎都是女性,给中国现代文学画廊留下了一系列负着时代和社会最深重灾难,在“生死场”上呼喊着人生、诅咒着的“萧红式”女性,她们在“生的坚强”、“死的挣扎”中寻求到了生命的火花,寻求着人生的价值,表现出反封建和谋求女性解放的女权意识。     

父权规训与男性想像：解读康拉德小说《黑暗的心》

从女性主义视角出发,以当代女性主义文学文化理论,解读有“英国文学经典之作”盛誉的康拉德短篇小说《黑暗的心》,并对小说作者在文本中充斥展现的性别政治观点即父权思想、男性幻想弥漫意识等进行严肃有力的批判。     

Lek mating system and its impact on male annihilation technique

Summary Simulation models were presented which describe the matings inside a lek. The size of the lek was assumed to follow a poisson distribution, the dominance factor of each of the males was drawn from a gamma distribution, and the mating probability for each male was determined by its mating effectiveness raised to female mating factor divided by the sum of all the mating effectivenesses raised to this power. The mating probatility for each male and the actual matings were determined by Monte Carlo simulation. Based on the simulation data, the effects of female mating factor and size of the lek on the frequency of actual matings accomplished by the males inside the lek were discussed. In the case of male annihilation, the mean number of effective matings per male in the lek, calculated from the frequency of actual matings weighted by the effective mating ratio, was used to evaluate the efficiency of male annihilation method.