Extension of two-sided test to multiple treatment trials

In a two-treatment trial, a two-sided test is often used to reach a conclusion, Usually we are interested in doing a two-sided test because of no prior preference between the two treatments and we want a three-decision framework. When a standard control is just as good as the new experimental treatment (which has the same toxicity and cost), then we will accept both treatments. Only when the standard control is clearly worse or better than the new experimental treatment, then we choose only one treatment. In this paper, we extend the concept of a two-sided test to the multiple treatment trial where three or more treatments are involved. The procedure turns out to be a subset selection procedure; however, the theoretical framework and performance requirement are different from the existing subset selection procedures. Two procedures (exclusion or inclusion) are developed here for the case of normal data with equal known variance. If the sample size is large, they can be applied with unknown variance and with the binomial data or survival data with random censoring.     

分理型句元复说句的特征与价值

句容的可谐调性是分理型句元复说句的主要特征 ,集中地体现其句型价值。这种句子的句容量的谐调幅度可以表述为 :句组、复句、多元句≥分理型句元复说句≥一元统筹句。复元分理的框架为这样的句容奠定了物质基础。开展对分理型句元复说句的相关性的研究相当重要 ,不仅可为确认这种句子的特征、价值提供必要的参照 ,还可藉此为考察汉语句型系统打开一个窗口。     

Flexible regression modeling

The author proposes a new method for flexible regression modeling of multi‐dimensional data, where the regression function is approximated by a linear combination of logistic basis functions. The method is adaptive, selecting simple or more complex models as appropriate. The number, location, and (to some extent) shape of the basis functions are automatically determined from the data. The method is also affine invariant, so accuracy of the fit is not affected by rotation or scaling of the covariates. Squared error and absolute error criteria are both available for estimation. The latter provides a robust estimator of the conditional median function. Computation is relatively fast, particularly for large data sets, so the method is well suited for data mining applications.     

从“一户一宅”的视角探讨农村宅基地使用权取得

目前,农村宅基地使用权的取得比较混乱。现行立法对户的内涵的界定比较模糊,使得“一户多宅”现象较为突出。房屋继承后,“地随房走”原则的贯彻,促使“一户多宅”现象更加严重。宅基地使用权获得后,有时并不立即建造房屋,造成宅基地使用权取得与建造房屋的目的相脱离。作者认为,法律应该对宅基地使用权的取得与房屋的建造之间规定一定的期限。农村因继承房屋而能否实际取得宅基地使用权需要具体分析。农村宅基地使用权的取得需要通过立法进一步完善。     

Target Specificity of Subjective Relationship Measures: Understanding the Determination of Item Variance

The present study was conducted to test the ability of two subscales from the Friendship Quality Questionnaire (FQQ; Parker & Asher, 1993 ) to discriminate between different target friendships. This was done by testing for mean differences between targets, and by using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to examine the factor structures for these measures when the responses for different targets were considered together. Participants were 293 Italian middle‐school students. Both subscales (Validation and Caring, and Conflict and Betrayal) showed mean differences between the best friend and the second and third best friends, but only the validation and caring subscale demonstrated differences between the second and third best friends. Factor analyses showed that for both subscales some items were able to discriminate between friends whereas others were not. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated the existence of target‐specific factors, as well as a common ‘individual differences’ factor. Practical and theoretical issues regarding the different sources of item variance are discussed.     

主位结构与句子的主语关系

韩礼德和汤普森对主位所下的定义是:主位是句子开端的部分。这里着重分析各种语气结构中的单项主位的表现,发现英语主语在多数情况下充当无标记性主位,主语和主位的重合在陈述句中尤为明显。但是,英语主语有时也可以充当无标记性述位(如在有些疑问句和感叹句中),在少数情况下,主语还可以用作有标记性的主位。     

构建以审美为中介的文学价值系统——兼论文学理论批评怎样应对多元化的文学格局

以人与对象性世界关系为逻辑起点 ,通过对文学活动过程的静态与动态分析 ,揭示文学价值是自我价值与社会价值双向互动的系统构成 ,并在此基础上形成以审美为中介的多重性价值构建的阐释座标 :既不应把维护文学的审美价值的基点简单地理解或置换成为闭锁于作家———文本自身的完全自洽的概念 ,也不能摒弃以审美价值为基点去直接考察和分析包括政治、伦理及其它精神文化在内的多重性价值内涵和形态。同时 ,不仅要重视文学两个基本价值取向 (满足人的基本的情感要求与注重人性深度的开掘和形而上意义的承诺 )的差异和冲突 ;更要体认它们之间的“共在”关系及隐含制衡的张力结构。这样 ,文学理论批评才能在保持文学的审美特性的同时 ,形成开放、多元良性发展的崭新局面。     

Improvement of Highway Safety I: Identification of Causal Factors Through Fault-Tree Modeling1

As the first article of a two-part series, the purpose of this paper is to examine the functional factors that contribute to automobile accident occurrence and to model the causation structure in the form of a fault-tree. The fault-tree model provides an intuitive framework for qualitatively decomposing possible pathways to accident occurrence. Fault-tree analysis also provides a statistical representation of how interacting driver, vehicle, and environmental factors contribute to the likelihood of automobile accident occurrence. The application of this model facilitates pinpointing those factors that most contribute to accident causation and subsequently enables the identification and comparison of potential crash avoidance technologies.     

我国企业境外直接投资的多元目标及政策导向

在全球经济全球化和一体化的背景下 ,中国企业真正融入到激烈的全球竞争环境中。为了应对国际竞争的新形势 ,越来越多的企业开始走出国门。文章就此分析了我国企业开展境外直接投资的多元化的现状及其多元化的目标取向 ,并进一步探讨了相应的政策导向。     

对多元价值背景中个体道德理性的检视

改革开放一方面带来了经济的发展,另一方面也带来了道德上的困惑与迷茫。面对这样一个多元价值社会,个体需要道德理性。这种道德理性主要体现的是一种探究、批判的精神。而这种道德理性正是以往学校道德教育中所缺失的,通过对个体道德理性进行检视以期探寻当前我国道德教育应对多元价值时代挑战的出路。