Untangling the tolerance of socioeconomic inequality: Comparing Japan,the United States,South Korea,and the People's Republic of China

The last three decades have witnessed major institutional and structural transformations across both economically developed and developing countries. While many individuals and groups have benefited from these changes, they have simultaneously resulted in growing disparities between the haves and have-nots. The growing socioeconomic inequalities, however, have not been met with significant resistance and it has been even observed that people have become more tolerant of inequalities. This article explores the motivations behind tolerating socioeconomic inequality, and investigates how the tolerance of socioeconomic inequality has changed over the past 25 years, while also comparing it across very distinctive political and socioeconomic regimes. This study overcomes a gap in research by employing longitudinal, cross-sectional survey data to analyze temporal change in attitudes towards inequality. Fixed effects models are applied on five waves of World Values Survey data (1994–2020) on four distinctly different post-industrial countries: Japan, the People's Republic of China, South Korea, and the United States. The paper argues that, on an individual level, there is a tendency to accept inequality normalizing narratives and defend one's own self-interest, derived from one's structural position. This accounts for a considerable part of the variation in tolerance for socioeconomic inequality across these nations. The article concludes that trends in tolerating socioeconomic inequality have over time become more similar across these four countries with distinctly different political–economic regimes.     

制造荣耀——乾隆帝与《萨尔浒山之战书事》的历史书写

作为后金（清）崛起的重要战役,萨尔浒之战被清朝历代皇帝所追述,而对于其战争场景的文学表述却各有侧重。《萨尔浒山之战书事》（下简称《书事》）是一篇乾隆帝为记述大清开国皇帝努尔哈赤萨尔浒一战以少胜多的追忆文章。文章以乾隆帝《书事》为中心,通过比较萨尔浒之战亲生经历者的追忆（《清太祖武皇帝实录》）和清帝国第一位真正意义上的“大一统”皇帝康熙的追述（《清太祖高皇帝实录》）,从文体选择、文章结构和文本内容三个方面,可以窥探乾隆帝在《书事》中看似平常的战争描写背后关于维护正统地位、理顺君臣关系、警示子孙及八旗将士的政治诉求。     

Former Athletes' Illness Stories of Brain Injuries: Suspected Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy and the Entanglement of Never-Aging Masculinities

Examining former athletes' health-related beliefs and behaviors on the long-term effects of concussions and potentially developing chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) offers a domain to understand how men renegotiate their masculinities. In this paper, we explore how the cultural production of the concussion crisis shapes the ways in which men athletes make sense of self and their masculinity in the face of declining health. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 27 male, former athletes, this article examines the multiple ways in which gender shapes their experience and treatment of traumatic brain injuries or suspected CTE. We show how men are re-negotiating their aging masculinities through illness narratives and how the cultural production of the concussion crisis in sports shapes these narratives. We break down our analysis into three sections: (1) reflections of chaos narratives and stories of never-aging masculinities, (2) the ways the concussion crisis shapes their restitution narratives, and (3) quest narratives combining never-aging and aging masculinities. Whether or not these athletes have or are treated for CTE, we argue that they reformulate their masculinity to regain control over their manhood and to feel a sense of relief.     

中国最早的人物图像叙事——青铜器上的"角色动图"

东周镶嵌青铜器上的人物画像围绕着弋射、宴饮、射侯和采桑等仪式主题铸形,是中国最早的叙事性人物图像遗存。若静止地看,器物上每个人物都是某一固定动作的图像。但若将人物的朝向、冠饰、空间关系和动作秩序与《仪礼》中相关仪节记载进行对读可发现,这不是西方所谓的"最富于孕育性顷刻"的共时性画面,而是单个(或两个)角色按照自身走位和相应仪态"动"起来的历时性画面。质言之,如果画面上先后有四个人鱼贯而入,极有可能不是多个人,而是一个角色在执行某一个动作程序。如:7人在场的宴饮画像,实为献爵者和受爵者两个角色相向举行的"升堂-当楣拜-酌酒-献爵"仪节;堂上3人或5人射侯的画面,实为司射一人所作示范性"诱射"动作的分镜头,堂下5人也非一并登场,而是"一耦"(2人)有序行进、登堂竞射;4人在场的弋射画像完整呈现了鸟"水中游曳-腾空而起-飞至弋射者头顶"进而弋射者"单膝跪姿引弓发射-双膝跪姿举弓维持缴绳-缴绳离弓系于石质工具磻上"的人鸟博弈历程;十余人在场的采桑画像也非集体采桑活动,而是女子在男子协助下依次完成"爬树-采桑-伐桑-递桑-共携桑筐"的单元躬桑仪节搬演。这些画像虽受到早期视知觉规律和制图法则的限制略显稚拙,却匠心独运地保留了礼仪搬演的时间性、表演性和叙事性,使画像人物"动"起来,犹如一帧一帧的动画合集。这种单一人物角色的移动,本质上乃图像叙事,可称之为"角色动图"。如此一来,青铜礼器上的画像乃是周代礼仪搬演的准实时转印,是四维时空中完成的"角色动图":时间维度是其主导维度,建筑庭院、桑林、水泽边等是其叙事空间,不仅单个人物角色因应着时间秩序展开叙事,就连建筑台基的高度、阶梯的位置与方向以及建筑与庭院的空间关系等也因人物图像叙事的需求而产生变形处理。在此,空间是被时间所牵引着的。     

The reflection of desire for revenge and revenge fantasies in drawings and narratives of sexually abused children

Whereas the desire for revenge for an unjust deed is considered natural, its use within the therapeutic setting is scarce, specifically in sexually victimized children. The study aimed to find how experiencing sexual molestation during childhood and the revenge fantasy is reflected in drawings and narratives of sexually victimized children. Following ethical approval and signing a consent form, 14 children who experienced sexual abuse and were psychologically treated (ages 11–18) were recruited. They were asked to draw two drawings: “draw an unjust event that had happened to you” and “draw what you would have liked to happen to the person that unjustly treated you.” At completion, participants were asked to give a narrative to each drawing. Phenomenological analysis of the drawings and narratives indicated that most participants refrained from using more than two colours, did not draw the perpetrator and drew schematic figures. The main themes that emerged in the drawings and the narratives were feeling of loneliness, aloneness, and the desire for role reversal.     

The contribution of mother-father-child interactions to children's emotion narratives

Parents' sensitivity during interactions with their children has been associated with children's emotion narratives elicited using story completion tasks, but almost all of this research focused on mothers and was based on a dyadic, parent-child focus. The goal of the present study was to expand this research by studying triadic, mother-father-child interactions and their associations with children's narratives. Seventy-one families with their 4.5-year-old children were observed in the Lausanne Trilogue Play (LTP) procedure to assess Family Cooperation, and children were administered the MacArthur Story-Stem Battery (MSSB) to assess Coherence, Parental Representations, and Engagement with the task. Regression analyses indicated that controlling for children's Narrative Competence and Effortful Control, children who were part of more cooperative family interactions produced narratives that were more coherent, and they were more engaged during the task. No associations were found with children's representations of parents. Directions for future studies as well as clinical implications are discussed.     

Men in online eating disorder recovery spaces: Gendered barriers,content moderation,and narrative experimentation

Eating disorders (EDs), once considered solely a women's health problem, have increasingly affected men. Previous research on recovery from addiction has emphasized the importance of narratives, which help provide structure and make sense of events. While narratives are often important for an individual's recovery from hardship, hegemonic narratives can be invalidating and obstacles to wellbeing. The highly gendered nature of ED recovery narratives has posed a barrier to men adopting alternative, more successful narratives, particularly in female-dominated spaces. This study examines how content moderation policies and enforcement on Tumblr, Reddit, and an ED recovery website shape men's participation in ED recovery support groups dominated by women. We find that high degrees of moderation and censorship limit men's platform participation and narrative experimentation. However, platform rules without active censorship face the same challenges. Instead, narrative experimentation and greater participation from men occur during moderate regulation because they can share their experiences while also being encouraged to find salient aspects of other, healthier narratives. We observed that men were able to break from unhelpful recovery narratives when they could masculinize the suggestions from women with more productive approaches. While past research has shown that men are particularly reliant on hegemonic masculinity when their gender is challenged, we find that phenomenon is part of a more fundamental process of reconciling ideas into one's self-concept.