Trends in cardiovascular diseases and associated risks in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of the evidence for Ghana,Nigeria, South Africa,Sudan and Tanzania

Background: Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries are facing an epidemiological shift from infectious disease to chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). CVDs incidence in SSA are frequently attributed to the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and overweight/obesity. Nevertheless, some researchers contend that CVDs are not a priority public health problem in SSA.

Method: This paper systematically reviews the evidence on CVDs and their relation with hypertension, diabetes mellitus and obesity/overweight in Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan and Tanzania. The publication’s content was analyzed qualitatively using the directed content analysis method and the results were presented in a tabular format.

Result: The paper illustrates the rising prevalence of CVDs as well as the three related risk conditions in the selected SSA countries.

Conclusion: The review indicates a poor health system response to the increasing risk of CVDs in SSA. The conditions and major drivers that contribute to this underlying increasing trend need to be further studied.     

试论西部地区发展特色经济的市场条件

特色经济应该是具有发展活力和市场竞争力、有市场供给和需求条件的经济,应该是有效率的经济,是一种扬优成势的经济。特色经济是相比较而言,不存在绝对意义上的特色经济。发展特色经济取决于资源禀赋。由于资源要素结构及配置过程的差异性,不同区域的经济结构总是存在差异,区域差异是一种自然状态。区域差异是发展特色经济的基础。发展西部地区特色经济要确立市场观念、竞争观念、效率观念。     

汉代蝗灾论略

蝗灾是中国古代一种非常严重的自然灾害。汉代蝗灾在时间分布上有明显的季节性 ,空间分布上有明显的地域性 ;成灾面积广阔 ,灾情严重 ;蝗灾具有群发性、连锁性特点。对后世开展治蝗、灭蝗工作有一定的借鉴意义。     

对我国民族地区利用外资的思考

我国民族地区只有随着西部大开发的不断深入,跟随世界经济一体化的潮流,根据需要适度地引进外资,确定好利用外资的方向与产业重点,健全利用外资的管理机制,深化和细化利用外资的政策法规,才能推动民族地区经济的新一轮增长。     

Factors associated with expectation of household's future financial condition

Path analysis is used to examine the causal relationships among selected objective and subjective factors associated with a household's expectation of future financial condition. Results indicate that respondents who perceive the effect of changes in the external environment on their own household's financial condition as positive are younger, have higher net worth, perceive more internal control over their situation, and report that most of the changes in the external environment are positive. Respondents who are younger, have higher income, perceive more internal control over their situation, and believe the effect of changes in the external environment on their household's financial condition are positive are more likely to be optimistic about their financial future. It is important that educators and financial advisors recognize the significant role perception of being in control plays in determining expectations of future financial condition.Journal Paper No. J-15256 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Project No. 2809. Data were collected in conjunction with the cooperative regional research project NC-182, Family Resource Utilization as a Factor in Determining Economic Well-Being of Rural Families. Cooperating states are Arizona, California, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, and Minnesota.Her current research interests include family financial management and consumer bankruptcy; she received her Ph.D. from the University of Missouri.She received her Ph.D. from the University of Illinois; her current research interests include gender roles, family financial management, and economic well-being.She received her Ph.D. from the University of Illinois. Her research interests are economic well-being and quality of life.Her current research interests include the economic well-being of various family forms. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Illinois.     

大学生男子篮球运动员竞赛焦虑状态及调控

运用运动心理学的相关理论与方法对河北省大运会男子篮球赛的部分运动员竞赛焦虑状态的影响因素进行问卷调查,得出影响程度由大到小为：挫折、冲突、比赛、失误、自我评价、实力和身体状态。针对具体情况,提出了教练员在赛前、赛中以及日常训练时的心理调控和培养对策。     

Semiparametric inference for estimating equations with nonignorably missing covariates

We consider statistical inference of unknown parameters in estimating equations (EEs) when some covariates have nonignorably missing values, which is quite common in practice but has rarely been discussed in the literature. When an instrument, a fully observed covariate vector that helps identifying parameters under nonignorable missingness, is available, the conditional distribution of the missing covariates given other covariates can be estimated by the pseudolikelihood method of Zhao and Shao [(2015), ‘Semiparametric pseudo likelihoods in generalised linear models with nonignorable missing data’, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 110, 1577–1590)] and be used to construct unbiased EEs. These modified EEs then constitute a basis for valid inference by empirical likelihood. Our method is applicable to a wide range of EEs used in practice. It is semiparametric since no parametric model for the propensity of missing covariate data is assumed. Asymptotic properties of the proposed estimator and the empirical likelihood ratio test statistic are derived. Some simulation results and a real data analysis are presented for illustration.     

街头绿地"景以境出"的造景方法——以保定市两块街头绿地设计为例

街头绿地是城市绿地系统中的重要组成部分。以保定市两块街头绿地设计为例,阐述了街头绿地的设计意义与布点选择,论述了街头绿地设计首先要因＂境＂制宜地进行定性,其次根据不同的地宜条件、使用者的需求,来营造＂景以境出＂的景观,提出了改造山水＂境＂之劣势来塑造山水、发挥文化＂境＂之地域特色来塑造景观、突出生态＂境＂之特色来配置植物等设计方法。     

论《密洛陀》的“创世”史诗中的自然文化观

布努瑶民族创世史诗《密洛陀》在描述人类和民族的起源、发展过程中以创世精神表达出自然文化观。创世一方面指创造人类自身及其文化,一方面指创造自然,改造自然,从而在人与自然的关系中确认自然的文化意义和人化特征。自然文化观展现了人与自然关系的多维视野,人与自然关系既有互动、互生、互为因果的关系,从而构成和谐互利的一面,又有对立矛盾、冲突的一面,人类既要顺应自然又要改造自然,人类在改造自然的同时也改造了人类自身,从而获得人与自然关系的生态平衡的发展。     

Ecology of urban lawns under three common management programs

Turfgrass lawns are a central part of urban and suburban landscapes throughout North America and are often managed using repeated applications of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. These inputs are expensive and may negatively affect ecological processes in lawns. Therefore, we evaluated the influence of three most common lawn care programs on ecological characteristics of turfgrass lawns. Twenty-eight home lawns, separated into 3 groups based on the lawn care program (professional, do-it-yourself [DIY], and no-input), were studied. Data on lawn quality, weed and insect infestation, disease incidence, soil nematode community, soil nitrogen pools, microbial biomass (MBN), and soil organic matter (SOM) were collected. Results indicated that professional lawn care resulted in the highest aesthetic lawn quality mainly due to better weed control, compared to DIY and no-input programs. However, professional and DIY programs negatively affected MBN and SOM pools and enhanced disease (rust) severity. No significant differences in soil nematode population and nematode community indices across the three programs were found, indicating no differences in net ecosystem productivity among the three programs. Overall, soil nematode food web in turfgrass lawns represented a disturbed food web compared to natural grasslands and forest ecosystems, irrespective of the lawn care program used.