系统功能语言学的知识表示方法研究

系统功能语言学应用于语篇生成系统中需要进行知识表示。通过考察PENMAM,发现其一种主要的表示方法是系统网络。然而,这种方法不能充分表示语言的交际性以及三元功能,在进行计算机实现时也存在一些缺陷。基于此,文章进一步提出改进系统网络表示法的两种基本途径:基于复杂性科学的理论途径和基于人工智能的技术途径。此研究能够促进系统功能语言学与其他学科之间的交叉、融合,从而更好地开展面向自然语言处理用途的语言研究。      

问题图式：培养学生问题解决能力的基石

问题图式具有知识的概括性、认知资源的经济性、未知变量的可推理性和广泛的迁移性等特点,是学生用以组织知识和应用知识的有效方式。而在知识学习和问题解决过程中能否归纳出问题图式和对图式进行改进是提高学生问题解决能力的关键。为形成有效的问题图式,在教学中应注重对知识进行复述、精加工和组织,以形成条件化知识;要对问题进行深层结构表征,并加强元认知能力的训练和培养及样例的学习,以加强学生问题解决过程中的图式建立、运用、综合能力,提高学生解决问题的效率。     

主流媒体对农民工的表征及其变迁 ———以中央电视台春节联欢晚会中小品节目为例

农民工是我国经济发展与社会变革过程中出现的重要新群体,为社会提供了独特的媒介资源。他们与城市人的融合不可避免地受到主流媒体的影响。主流媒体对农民工的表征与城市主流社会心态之间存在相互影响、互为因果的关系。文章选取了从1983年至2009年的26年间中央电视台春节联欢晚会中涉及农民工、农民、城市人的小品,通过对三者的对照分析来考察主流媒体对农民工的表征。研究结果显示,春晚小品在农民工的表征模式中最主要特征为：农民工作为个体客居于城市中、以打工的状态而存在,其地位处于城市人之下,并无改变现实的权利,即处于一种＂边缘状态＂;他们与城市人保持着和谐相处、互相妥协、维护与服从的关系;同时,他们身上并未改变的是与农民相似的传统人格——老实、简单、淳朴、善良。文章还探讨了主流媒体对农民工表征的变迁及其背后的政治经济历史因素和所蕴含的社会意义。     

Effects of Risk Representation and Scope on Willingness to Pay for Reduced Risks: Evidence from Tokyo Bay, Japan

When applying the contingent valuation method (CVM) in risk reduction studies, some studies report that willingness to pay (WTP) is insensitive to the magnitude of risk reduction while other studies do not. On the other hand, social-psychological research has shown that the affect heuristic biases judgments on probability, relative frequency, and risk. This article examines both magnitude (or scope) effect and affect heuristic (or representation) effect on WTP for risk reduction measures against tsunamis by introducing two experimental (i.e., absolute and relative) systems with four different representations to evaluate public behaviors in two different scenarios of risk reduction. Two common denominators (100 and 10,000) are introduced into absolute risk reduction representation (i.e., "of every 100 persons, from present 2 deaths to 1") to form different formats (i.e., "of every 10,000 persons from 200 to 100," and "of every 100,000 persons from 2,000 deaths to 1,000"). There is little evidence that WTP estimates are sufficiently sensitive to the magnitude of risk reduction, but relative risk reduction representations may be better than the absolute one given in CVM mail surveys when the risk is small. There is a statistically insignificant effect of risk reduction representations on respondent frequency, but mixed effects on the monetary values of WTP at the level of 0.05. The representation effect of absolute risk reduction on the WTP value varies with the common denominator. The larger the common denominator, the less the WTP to reduce the risk of tsunamis, and the significance probability is improved to less than the level of 0.05 when the common denominator becomes large enough. The findings suggest that improved methods are required for estimating the rates of tradeoff between fatality risk and other goods among consumers.     

‘Doing it right?’– accessing the narratives of identity of newly qualified social workers through the lens of resilience: ‘I am,I have,I can’

Using narrative enquiry, this paper accesses the construct of identity through exploring resilience in newly qualified social workers based in statutory children's services. In seeking to avoid deficit‐based models of this role, this paper aims to present inductively the ‘voice’ of three social workers in a semi‐rural authority, storying the positive ways in which resilience has developed during their first year. Using the Grotberg resilience framework (1995) –‘I am, I have, I can’– as an analytical tool at the interface of personal, professional and organizational identities, we conclude that ‘I am’ and ‘I have’ are more important than the skills dimension of ‘I can’. Positive role models, trust, ‘managed’ optimism, flexibility of support in and beyond induction, and, crucially, self‐efficacy and space for reflexivity, are more prominent as sources of resilience and strong identity. The reflexivity, inspired by the process of narrative enquiry, is an important contributor to self‐efficacy. We propose that a positive view of growth and identity is preferable to deficit models in the context of the transition between the two ‘communities of practice’ and of the challenges of the workplace. Organizational approaches based on this view will be more likely to promote a sustainable workforce.     

论晚期中世纪室内装饰画表现要素的嬗变

因装饰主题、装饰环境和赞助体系溢出宗教范围,欧洲中世纪晚期的装饰画从神圣的教堂进入俗世的家庭。结合这一时期的绘画技法理论和实践作品,可以看出,装饰画的表现要素,如载体、材料、功能、形式、尺寸、风格与技法经历了一系列的拓展嬗变,其中赞助人身份和趣味的变化,以及人文主义思想都起到了积极的推动作用。     

Binary discrimination methods for high-dimensional data with a geometric representation

Four binary discrimination methods are studied in the context of high-dimension, low sample size data with an asymptotic geometric representation, when the dimension increases while the sample sizes of the classes are fixed. We show that the methods support vector machine, mean difference, distance-weighted discrimination, and maximal data piling have the same asymptotic behavior as the dimension increases. We study the consistent, inconsistent, and strongly inconsistent cases in terms of angles between the normal vectors of the separating hyperplanes of the methods and the optimal direction for classification. A simulation study is done to assess the theoretical results.     

Populism as a fantasmatic rupture in the post-political order: integrating Laclau with Glynos and Stavrakakis

ABSTRACT

The recent challenges of populist movements to the ‘post-democratic horizon’ in Greece and elsewhere have highlighted its possibilities as a political force able to mount a challenge to the technocratic logics of the neoliberal consensus. The theoretical perspective of Ernesto Laclau, which focuses on the rhetorical act of naming ‘the people’ and extrinsic representative form over intrinsic content, thus becomes increasingly valuable to explore such possibilities and to account for the current ubiquity of populist articulations both here in New Zealand and further afield. However, the need to clarify and iron out any inconsistencies in Laclau’s approach also increases, and the main task of this article is to raise the consideration of how it could be supplemented by, and articulated with, the Lacanian psychoanalytic concepts of fantasy and jouissance. Analysis of a selection of John Key’s populist articulations in the New Zealand media, and photographs from Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) protests, reveal that both forms of populist articulation, while constructing very different visions of ‘the people’, hinge on the fantasmatic representation of an other; an antagonistic power who steals our enjoyment. However, I conclude that a normative assessment of populist articulations is both possible and necessary.     

Estimating the error distribution function in semiparametric additive regression models

We consider semiparametric additive regression models with a linear parametric part and a nonparametric part, both involving multivariate covariates. For the nonparametric part we assume two models. In the first, the regression function is unspecified and smooth; in the second, the regression function is additive with smooth components. Depending on the model, the regression curve is estimated by suitable least squares methods. The resulting residual-based empirical distribution function is shown to differ from the error-based empirical distribution function by an additive expression, up to a uniformly negligible remainder term. This result implies a functional central limit theorem for the residual-based empirical distribution function. It is used to test for normal errors.     

Low-status work consequences on immigrant workers' organization: the cases of five immigrant groups in Athens

The article centres on the repercussions low-prestige work has on the collective organization and representation of immigrant workers. This micro-sociological analysis focuses on the cases of Egyptian, Albanian, Bangladeshi, Palestinian, and Philippine immigrants in Athens and how the frame of their work and their employment affects their participation in their immigrant work associations. Evidence from in-depth interviews proves that the majority of immigrants do not claim established workers' rights and do not seek membership in any unions. On the contrary, they rely on a network of friends and relatives for support and develop individual behaviours and alternative solutions to achieve survival and protection.