Working Beyond the Traditional Retirement Age: The Influence of Health on Australia’s Older Workers

This article examines the relationship between health and workforce participation beyond the age of 65 years in Australia. This study found that people with a chronic health condition were less likely to be employed than those without a health condition (OR, 0.59; 95% CI [0.38, 0.92]). Among those with a chronic health condition, those in income quartile 2 (OR, 0.27; 95% CI [0.11, 0.67]) and 3 (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, [0.15–0.93]) were significantly less likely to be employed relative to those in income quartile 4. Older workers with a chronic health condition were less likely to work beyond the age of 65; however, among those with a chronic health condition, those with very high income and those with very low income were the most likely to keep working.     

我国退休年龄是否应该调整？——国内相关研究综述

随着我国经济的发展、社会的进步、科学医疗技术水平和生活水平的不断提高,人口的预期寿命不断延长,导致人口老龄化程度的不断加深,这给我国的经济发展、社会保障带来沉重的压力。我国现行的退休制度是19世纪50年代制定的,退休制度的一个重要内容是退休年龄,因而是否应该调整退休年龄也成为目前学术界讨论的热点话题之一。目前学术界的主流观点是我国应该提高退休年龄;但是,推延退休也面临一些矛盾,因此有学者提出目前应维持现行退休年龄。本文对正反两方面观点分别进行归纳梳理并介绍了退休年龄的调整方案。     

健康冲击、基本医疗保险与老年人“退而不休”

在我国进入深度老龄化、劳动力供给不足的背景下,探究健康以及基本医疗保险对老年人退而不休的影响对未来合理有效开发老年人力资源具有重要意义。本文使用四期CHARLS数据将健康冲击、医疗保险与老年人退而不休放在一个统一的分析框架中,分别考察了健康冲击、新农合以及城镇职工医疗保险对老年人退而不休的影响,并进一步探究了医疗保险对老年人退而不休影响的健康异质性。结果表明:健康冲击对老年人退而不休意愿和劳动时间均有显著正向促进效应,且对劳动时间的影响有明显城乡差异,对农村地区影响更大。新农合会明显激励农村老年人选择退而不休,发生比率提高为未参合时的3.59倍,但会降低劳动时间,全年平均减少了21.21天;而城镇职工医疗保险对老年人退而不休意愿没有显著影响,但会增加劳动时间,全年平均增加了13.92天,且对劳动时间供给更多的个体,其激励效应逐渐减弱。同时,医疗保险对老年人退而不休的影响还存在性别差异,其中新农合对女性退而不休意愿影响更大,但对劳动时间并没有显著的性别差异;而职工医疗保险对女性退而不休意愿、对男性劳动时间影响更大。此外,本文还发现医疗保险对老年人退而不休的影响存在健康异质性,对健康变差的群体影响更大。     

社会保障对退休行为及人力资本投资的影响

社会保障制度通过改变劳动者自身收入在时间上的配置、代内收入再分配和养老金收益水平等因素来影响其退休行为。本文通过劳动报酬法分析退休行为对人力资本投资的影响,得出劳动者推迟退休时,人力资本的价值将会增大,这将激励劳动者增加对人力资本的投资。同时,本文在二期迭代模型的分析框架下,研究了现收现付制社会保障制度对退休行为的影响,结论显示提高社会保障缴费率将增加劳动者的退休年限,即劳动者将选择提前退休,进而不利于人力资本投资。     

劳动力流动对城市劳动力市场的影响

随着人口老龄化的到来,探讨健康与老年人劳动供给之间的关系尤为必要。健康是一个多维度的指标,度量人们的健康状况是一个难点。健康状况通过影响人们的劳动生产率以及对闲暇的偏好从而影响到老年人的劳动参与和劳动时间,同时退休反过来又影响到老年人的健康状况。对此,通过了解多种度量老年人健康状况的指标,梳理国内外健康与老年人劳动供给的相关文献,阐述了估计健康与劳动供给二者因果关系时所遭遇的内生性来源以及克服内生性问题所采用的不同的研究方法,最后分析了研究健康与老年人劳动供给这一问题隐含的政策意蕴以及提出了未来的研究方向。     

浅析杜甫信奉道教的原因

关于杜甫与道教的关系,争论颇多,概括起来不外乎两种。一种认为杜甫对道教信仰的虔诚比李白有过之而无不及;另一种否认杜甫信道,认为道教仅仅给杜诗增添了斑斓的色彩。从杜甫的诗赋入手,以杜解杜,继而得出杜甫有崇道行为和道教信仰,并从时代风气、个人心结、坎坷遭遇、多病身躯几个方面剖析了他信奉道教的原因。     

独生子女特征对父母退休后劳动参与的影响——以上海为例

利用2010年在上海市静安区进行的老年独生子女父母状况与需求调查数据,在独生子女父母退休后劳动参与现状和个人特征、家庭特征的双变量统计基础上,利用二项Logistic方法实证分析独生子女父母的性别、健康状况、经济状况、文化程度、婚姻状况、子女性别、子女健康和婚姻状况等变量对独生子女父母退休后劳动参与行为的影响。研究发现,除了老人自身特征外,子女性别、健康和婚姻状况也是独生子女父母退休后劳动参与的主要影响因素,但老人的经济状况和子女的生育状况对其无明显影响。     

Associations between stress at work and attitudes towards retirement in hospital physicians

There is a need to understand the associations between attitudes towards retirement in specific occupations and various psychosocial and work-related factors. This study identified correlates of retirement thoughts and retirement preference in hospital physicians. The sample comprised 447 (251 male and 196 female) physicians from three hospital districts in Finland. After adjustment for gender, age and salary, minor psychiatric morbidity increased likelihood of retirement thoughts and retirement preference. Retirement thoughts and retirement preference were more common in doctors reporting low job control, poor teamwork and unjust supervision than in doctors perceiving their working conditions more favorably. Work preference was associated with high overwork. The associations of work characteristics with retirement thoughts and retirement preference largely persisted after control for indicators of health and social circumstances. In conclusion, in addition to demographic and financial factors and health, retirement attitudes in hospital physicians seem to be related to organizational and managerial factors that are potentially amendable to intervention. This has implications for retaining hospital physicians who might otherwise retire.     

函数概念教学的辩证

通过函数概念的引入,着重分析定义域与值域的表达,以及函数图像所表示的关系式的含义。     

房产养老寿险业务中老年人健康状况评价的不完全信息博弈

随着老龄化社会的快速到来,养老已成为一个重大的社会问题.基于"以房养老"理念创设的房产养老寿险这一新型金融产品,将对解决养老保障的资金筹措问题提供全新的思路.然而由于以房养老事项的复杂性与行为的不确定性,使得本产品的推出困难重重.要防止业务开办中因卖方身体健康状况评价的信息不对称而引发的种种风险,必须从人为提高掩饰成本和改变博弈顺序两个角度,加强对本金融产品条款的设计.