Extending social security coverage to the rural sector in China

In late 2009 China launched an innovative, voluntary programme that by 2011 had extended pension coverage to 326.4 million people in the rural sector, including contributors and beneficiaries. It requires one contribution per year and provides a flat‐rate benefit and a contributions‐related benefit through a contributory individual account, with a government guarantee that the benefit will continue for life. The programme encourages participation of persons who do not pay income taxes, and thus have no tax incentive to participate, by providing substantial government subsidies. As a further incentive, old‐age benefits are provided to older parents when all their adult children participate in the contributory programme.     

Assessing a minimum pension guarantee for the voluntary IPS in Turkey

The returns from individual account pension plans are subject to fluctuations in capital markets. This increases income uncertainty for the beneficiary and exposes individuals to the risk of fluctuations in the economy in general and the stock market in particular. A minimum pension guarantee is a way to avoid this pitfall by providing a minimum annuity regardless of the actual investment performance of individual accounts. In this article, we present a cost analysis of a minimum benefit guarantee mechanism for the voluntary Individual Pension System in Turkey. We examine the cost estimates and the probability of providing guaranteed payments under various economic and demographic assumptions.     

经济社会地位、年龄与心理健康：一项基于上海的实证研究

本文从社会结构的角度出发,以“2008年中国家庭动态调查（上海卷）”的数据为基础,考察了心理健康在社会各阶层间的分布以及这些分布在年龄组间的变化。结果显示,教育、收入、职业地位、社会地位与心理健康正面相关,而经济困难和不公正待遇则与心理健康负面相关。年龄和心理健康的关系呈现出“∩”型发展趋势;职业类型及教育程度对心理健康的作用在不同年龄组中出现了不同程度的变化。失业者较好的心理状态及青年技术人员较差的心理健康状况则需要做进一步的研究。     

网络时代学术期刊编辑的现代意识探析

以网络为特征的信息技术的迅速发展,带来了网络化、数字化的信息传播环境.网络正以前所未有的力量改变着中国知识传播的手段与传播知识的重要栽体--期刊.学术期刊编辑应与时俱进,实现编辑意识的嬗变和突破.学术期刊编辑的现代意识是一个多层次、多因素的复杂系统.其中,创新意识是维系学术期刊学术灵魂的关键所在;信息意识与规范化意识是学术期刊争取最大生存空间的推进器;法律与知识产权保护意识是保证学术期刊健康发展的护身符.学术期刊要在全球化的压力下谋求生存和发展,编辑主体必须牢固树立现代意识,在发展民族期刊的同时主动地放眼世界,放眼未来,加强国际合作,增强期刊的国际竞争力.     

《月月小说》与其他近代四大小说杂志的比较

《新小说》、《绣像小说》、《月月小说》、《小说林》并称为近代四大小说杂志。《月月小说》与前两种相比,不仅是刊登小说最多的一种,①而且在杂志的商业操作、内容的娱乐性以及围绕读者转移的文化品位等方面都显示着独特的个性;《月月小说》的风格很大程度上影响了于其后创刊的《小说林》,在近代小说杂志的发展中体现着明显的承上启下作用。     

施蛰存的诗歌翻译及其对当代诗歌的影响

施蛰存的文学创作是从诗开始的,他的文学翻译工作也是从诗开始的。施蛰存的文学翻译主张兼收并蓄,但他更热衷于现代主义诗歌的译介,他所翻译的外国现代主义诗歌作品一直影响到新时期的朦胧诗。     

形而上学与现时代

古典意义上的“形而上学”是指超验的本体论。它在２０世纪遇到了严重挑战,现代化进程及其所蕴含的市场逻辑对经验原则的推崇、逻辑实证主义及其“证实原则”对形而上学的拒斥、科学认知领域出现的纯粹客观性和绝对确定性理想的瓦解、后现代主义对所谓“元叙事”的解构等;而更深刻的危机却在于形而上学本身,即它的提问方式的知识论性质,使“在”沦为“在者”。形而上学作为人的本然的存在方式,只能被暂时遮蔽而不可能被彻底抛弃。拯救形而上学的真正希望在于清算形而上学的提问方式,海德格尔为我们提供了深刻的启示。     

后金融危机时代印度能源外交战略及启示

后金融危机时代,印度在国际能源秩序变化、气候问题和新能源挑战、能源需求全面紧张、能源安全形势复杂的背景下,制定了新的能源外交战略,主要包括促进能源进口与合作多元化、推动能源外交机制化、探索能源外交新模式、推进新能源开发合作。印度的能源外交战略启示我们要加强后金融危机时代能源外交战略的规划、建立健全能源外交协调机制、深化国际能源合作机制、深化新能源外交。     

后稷弃孕生及其被弃传说故事新考

周始祖后稷的降生故事极具传奇色彩,后稷弃是帝喾长子的古史传说是不可信的,但后稷弃应是帝喾的后裔。姜嫄祈神而生后稷,结果却因胞衣连体的怪异现象被弃,反映了原始氏族社会迷信神谕及其神权崇拜的现象。     

Joint modified block replacement and production/inventory control policy for a failure-prone manufacturing cell

This paper considers a joint preventive maintenance (PM) and production/inventory control policy of an unreliable single machine, mono-product manufacturing cell with stochastic non-negligible corrective and preventive delays. The production/inventory control policy, which is based on the hedging point policy (HPP), consists in building and maintaining a safety stock of finished products in order to respond to demand and to avoid shortages during maintenance actions. Without considering the impact of preventive and corrective actions on the overall performance of the production system, most authors working in the reliability and maintainability domains confirm that the age-based preventive maintenance policy (ARP) outperforms the classical block-replacement policy (BRP). In order to reduce wastage incurred by the classical BRP, we consider a modified block replacement policy (MBRP), which consists in canceling a preventive maintenance action if the time elapsed since the last maintenance action exceeds a specified time threshold. The main objective of this paper is to determine the joint optimal policy that minimizes the overall cost, which is composed of corrective and preventive maintenance costs as well as inventory holding and backlog costs. A simulation model mimicking the dynamic and stochastic behavior of the manufacturing cell, based on more realistic considerations of the real behavior of industrial manufacturing cells, is proposed. Based on simulation results, the joint optimal MBRP/HPP parameters are obtained through a numerical approach that combines design of experiment, analysis of variance and response surface methodologies. The joint optimal MBRP/HPP policy is compared to classical joint ARP/HPP and BRP/HPP optimal policies, and the results show that the proposed MBRP/HPP outperforms the latter. Sensitivity analyses are also carried out in order to confirm the superiority of the proposed MBRP/HPP, and it is observed that for practitioners, the proposed joint MBRP/HPP offers not only cost savings, but is also easy to manage, as compared to the ARP/HPP policy.