关于族群关系、民族关系与社会关系的关系

"族群"与"民族"概念上存在着交叉关联.族群关系、民族关系都是一种社会关系,但社会关系不一定都构成民族关系,民族关系有时也不一定能够准确地表述特殊的社会关系,族群关系却可以化解民族关系表述的"潜在危机".族群关系、民族关系与社会关系的关系具有多向性、非对称性和动态性的特点.     

基于社会福利视角的青藏高原公共服务问题初探

文章在对现存关涉青藏高原公共服务问题研究进行思考和整合的基础上,试图从社会福利的角度,对具有浓厚区域文化特色的藏区农牧民公共服务,提出一些新的思考维度。具体分析青藏高原公共服务所面临的机遇和挑战,涉及了人口增长、环境恶化与老龄化、国际政治影响、藏传佛教文化的影响、农牧区社会保障制度的空白、家庭保障和社会互助的补充性等问题。文章建议通过构建非缴费型农牧区养老保险模式、构建覆盖所有农牧民健康保障制度、建立农牧区救助机制三个层面来构建新型的青藏高原福利体系。     

"三界"宇宙观与社会空间的建构——广西那坡县黑衣壮族群空间观念的研究

本文根据文化人类学社会空间建构理论对黑衣壮族群的空间观念加以分析,以民族志资料说明黑衣壮族群的宇宙观为社会成员对空间的划分和赋予意义的行为提供了认知基础,黑衣壮人通过房屋建筑的象征意义、空间方位的确定、生活空间和仪式场所的安排等途径表达出其族群文化中对空间概念的哲理思考。面对急剧的社会经济变迁,黑衣壮人传统的空间观念也在产生变化,体现出黑衣壮人对自身生存状态和文化变迁过程的反思。     

Vicarious ostracism and control in young children

After observing ostracism or social exclusion, older children, adolescents and adults report decreased satisfaction of the need for control. Attempting to regain control can motivate aggression in ostracized adults. Research has shown that the onset of ostracism’s harmful effects on children’s behavior is at preschool age. We investigated whether preschoolers would exert more control after witnessing ostracism. A sample of 53 children (Mage = 5 years, 5 months) first watched priming videos either showing ostracism or not. Subsequently, they participated in two ball games. In both of the games (order counterbalanced), children could control the flow of a ball’s motion, either live between two people (i.e., social control) or between two bars on a laptop screen (i.e., non‐social control). Overall, children understood social exclusion when it was displayed in the videos. We found an effect of observed ostracism only on social control. Four‐ to five‐year‐old boys who witnessed ostracism stopped a ball game between two persons longer than boys who did not witness ostracism. Our results suggest that observing social exclusion elevates young boys’ need for control over a social situation. Girls showed a different pattern but their responses did not differ significantly between ostracism and non‐ostracism conditions.     

工程项目中业主初始信任对合作的影响研究:承包商公平感知的中介作用

基于工程项目临时性社会网络组织的本质特征,从社会交换的视角,通过理论分析构建了以业主初始信任为前因、承包商对于合同的公平感知为中介、合作为结果的概念模型,并以68个财政投资项目为样本采集到162套有效数据,运用结构方程模型的方法进行实证检验。研究表明:业主初始信任对于承包商公平感知的形成具有显著的正向影响;承包商的程序公平正向影响其分配公平,二者均对合作具有显著的正向影响;承包商公平感知在业主初始信任与合作之间起到部分中介作用。     

Understanding Mechanisms Underlying Peer Effects: Evidence From a Field Experiment on Financial Decisions

Using a high‐stakes field experiment conducted with a financial brokerage, we implement a novel design to separately identify two channels of social influence in financial decisions, both widely studied theoretically. When someone purchases an asset, his peers may also want to purchase it, both because they learn from his choice (“social learning”) and because his possession of the asset directly affects others' utility of owning the same asset (“social utility”). We randomize whether one member of a peer pair who chose to purchase an asset has that choice implemented, thus randomizing his ability to possess the asset. Then, we randomize whether the second member of the pair: (i) receives no information about the first member, or (ii) is informed of the first member's desire to purchase the asset and the result of the randomization that determined possession. This allows us to estimate the effects of learning plus possession, and learning alone, relative to a (no information) control group. We find that both social learning and social utility channels have statistically and economically significant effects on investment decisions. Evidence from a follow‐up survey reveals that social learning effects are greatest when the first (second) investor is financially sophisticated (financially unsophisticated); investors report updating their beliefs about asset quality after learning about their peer's revealed preference; and, they report motivations consistent with “keeping up with the Joneses” when learning about their peer's possession of the asset. These results can help shed light on the mechanisms underlying herding behavior in financial markets and peer effects in consumption and investment decisions.     

Community is not a Place but a Relationship<Superscript>1</Superscript>: Lessons for Organizational Development

The premise of this article is that organizations need to be “organized” differently if we want to re-invigorate the power of community in contemporary life. A central theme within the current reform movement toward restorative justice is the devolution of authority from formal governmental systems to community. In order to effectively socialize young people, communities and families must perform certain functions well. As more and more societal activities take place within organizations, we face the dilemma that the weakened communities create a demand for increasing involvement of public organizations in the life of the community. Yet modern organizations do not effectively perform functions unique to families and communities. Drawing on insights from a unique community-system partnership in restorative peacemaking circles, this paper argues we may need to reinvent our organizations so that they learn to behave as members of the community. ¹This apt phrase and fundamental insight about the meaning of community came from the seminal article by Paul McCold and Benjamin Wachtel (1998).     

The 2003 Heat Wave in France: Dangerous Climate Change Here and Now

In an analysis of the French episode of heat wave in 2003, this article highlights how heat wave dangers result from the intricate association of natural and social factors. Unusually high temperatures, as well as socioeconomic vulnerability, along with social attenuation of hazards, in a general context where the anthropogenic contribution to climate change is becoming more plausible, led to an excess of 14,947 deaths in France, between August 4 and 18, 2003. The greatest increase in mortality was due to causes directly attributable to heat: dehydration, hyperthermia, heat stroke. In addition to age and gender, combinatorial factors included preexisting disease, medication, urban residence, isolation, poverty, and, probably, air pollution. Although diversely impacted or reported, many parts of Europe suffered human and other losses, such as farming and forestry through drought and fires. Summer 2003 was the hottest in Europe since 1500, very likely due in part to anthropogenic climate change. The French experience confirms research establishing that heat waves are a major mortal risk, number one among so-called natural hazards in postindustrial societies. Yet France had no policy in place, as if dangerous climate were restricted to a distant or uncertain future of climate change, or to preindustrial countries. We analyze the heat wave's profile as a strongly attenuated risk in the French context, as well as the causes and the effects of its sudden shift into amplification. Research and preparedness needs are highlighted.     

Crossing borders with social media: Online social networks and FDI

Social media is embedded in today's internationalization strategy. Companies extend their reach into foreign countries by posting and tweeting. Firms also enhance their mobile capabilities in foreign markets (e.g., knowledge and reputation) through user-generated content in online social networks. Levering on the capabilities-based theory of the multinational enterprise, this paper builds upon a resource-based, industry/network-based, and institution-based view framework. The study provides a comprehensive conceptual and empirical model to explain the effect of social networks on foreign direct investment. Empirical analysis in a global panel dataset of >4500 multinational enterprises suggests that online social networks' activity stimulates foreign capital expenditure and new affiliates. In addition, the article explores the relevance of customer capabilities along with sectoral and institutional moderating effects.