电视广告中人物角色表现的刻板印象调查

本文采用抽样调查的方法对近三年在国内广泛传播并对观众产生一定影响的电视广告进行研究,统计与分析刻板印象在其中的不同表现形式,为电视广告的创作者与传播者,乃至广告管理者提出反思。     

性别、性别观念对性别角色的影响

性别角色的形成是由生理因素决定还是由社会文化因素决定的，成为性别角色研究中一直争议的焦点问题，但国内对此缺乏定量的实证研究。以北京市5所大学的552名大学生为调查对象，采用Bem性别角色量表和自编的性别观念量表进行问卷调查，结果发现，性别角色受生理性别和性别观念类型共同影响，支持了生物社会的理论模型。     

刻板印象内容模型的修正与发展——源于大学生群体样本的调查结果

刻板印象是对社会群体及其成员固定或模式化的看法。对刻板印象形成维度的研究，被系统地总结为刻板印象内容模型（Stereotype Content Model, SCM）。本文对SCM的相关理论进行了简要梳理。作者按照SCM的典范程序，进行了有效样本为115人的试验性调查和160人的正式调查，以问卷的方式要求被调查者对21个社会群体进行分类和评价，建立起了大学生关于21个社会群体的刻板印象类型，并在此基础上进行了理论层面的探讨。本文的研究试图突破以往的SCM研究仅限于发现事实的局限，尝试对形成特定群体刻板印象背后的社会心理机制进行解释。     

论“议程设置”在国家形象塑造中的舆论导向作用

"议程设置"是由美国传播学者提出的理论假设,它提示人们,在有媒介居间的大众传播活动中,媒介议题直接影响受众议题。文本认为,既然受众对客观事物和问题的看法带有媒介引导的色彩,那么国际社会对一个国家的认知与评价也就脱离不了这个框架。文章进而指出,中国的国家形象(即外部公众对中国的印象)是由西方发达国家的媒介所设置的,其中充满了"固定的成见"。中国要想突破西方国家既有的认知、评价藩篱,就必须参与到国际舆论的议程设置中去。     

“他者”的域外之音——茨维塔耶娃回忆录《中国人》中“他者”形象分析

文章试图从形象的“想象与再现”、人物形象间的对话、形象的“自我内化”三个方面，考察茨维塔耶娃回忆录《中国人》中塑造的不完全等同于神话化和意识形态化的“他者”形象——中国人形象，重现“他者”形象的域外之音和其永恒的魅力。通过以上分析，我们以期能够更深层次地理解形象学的学理依据。     

Stereotypical Disease Inferences From Gay/Lesbian Versus Heterosexual Voices

Voice is a cue used to categorize speakers as members of social groups, including sexual orientation. We investigate the consequences of such voice-based categorization, showing that people infer stereotype-congruent disease likelihood on the basis of vocal information and without explicit information about the speaker’s sexual orientation. Study 1 and Study 2 reveal that participants attribute diseases to gay/lesbian and heterosexual men and women in line with stereotypes. Gay speakers were more likely to be associated with gay and female diseases, and lesbian speakers with male diseases. These findings demonstrate that likelihood to suffer from diseases is erroneously, but stereotypically, inferred from targets’ vocal information.     

Estimations of parental and self intelligence as a function of parents’ status: A cross-cultural study in Germany and Spain

With reference to the extensively reported gender differences in estimated intelligence, we used a cross-cultural study to investigate whether employment status and education of mothers and fathers (at the time of data collection, in early childhood, and in later childhood) influenced the estimation of parents’ general intelligence. Data showed that mothers’ as well as fathers’ general intelligence was significantly predicted by their education and current employment status. We additionally found a similar relationship between women’s (men’s) and mothers’ (fathers’) intelligence compared with the relationship of intelligence ascribed to their fathers (mothers). Furthermore, women’s self-estimated intelligence was significantly predicted by their mothers’ current employment, whereas men’s self-estimated intelligence was predicted by their fathers’ education. We furthermore investigated how women’s and men’s estimations differ between Germany and Spain. Results indicate that the more pronounced gender segregation in Spain was not expressed in larger gender differences in self- or parents’ intelligence estimations.     

A Literature Review of Cultural Stereotypes Associated with Motherhood and Fatherhood

In many societies, the iconic image of the family is that of a White, American middle-class, first-marriage nuclear family with two heterosexual parents and biological children. Research, however, has often neglected the complexity that exists within specific populations, particularly the impact of racial and ethnic diversity. The current review explores how motherhood and fatherhood, outside of the dominant North American cultural discourse, have been stereotyped in the research literature over the past decade. While results show few singularities in studies relating to fatherhood stereotypes, singularities in the findings associated with motherhood stereotypes are more abundant.     

Withdrawn,strong, kind,but de-gendered: non-disabled South Africans’ stereotypes concerning persons with physical disabilities

Abstract

The present paper examines stereotyping in relation to physical disability and gender in the South Africa. Cross-sectional data for the present study were gathered using free response items in a large survey (n = 1990) examining the attitudes of people without disability towards different facetsof sexuality and disability. The most prominent stereotypes found in thepresent study were those which characterised PWPD as withdrawn and shy, SuperCrips, or happy, funny, and kind. The findings in the present papersuggest that stereotypes of PWPD are not overwhelmingly de-sexualising, but are undifferentiated by gender.     

Critically engaging with cultural representations in foreign language textbooks

There is currently strong recognition within the field of intercultural language teaching of the need for language learners to develop the ability to actively interpret and critically reflect on cultural meanings and representations from a variety of perspectives. This article argues that cultural representations contained in language textbooks, though often problematic, can be used as a useful resource for helping learners develop their capacities for interpretation and critical reflection. The paper draws on data collected in an English language classroom in Japan to highlight some of the ways that language learners construct critical accounts of cultural content in a language textbook, highlighting not only the content of their accounts but also the discursive strategies they use to construct them. It therefore illustrates the potential for working with imperfect materials to develop intercultural competencies.