儿童社会退缩影响因素及发展路径研究

对儿童社会退缩影响因素及发展路径的探讨是其预防和干预的基础。文章从生理基础、亲子关系、家长观念、家长行为、同伴关系、师生关系等角度，梳理了近年来社会退缩影响因素的研究成果和儿童社会退缩发展路径的研究，提出了需要深入探讨的问题。     

War-wounded refugees: labor market integration after two years in Sweden

This study investigated labor market integration in a group of war-wounded refugees after two years in Sweden. The study group consisted of 54 war-wounded asylum applicants ( n =25) and quota refugees ( n =29) who arrived in Sweden in the late 1980s. They were consecutively investigated during hospitalization, shortly after arrival, and followed up two years later. After two years, 24% were at work or were occupied in vocational training courses. The degree of disability was not related to labor market integration. Length of time spent in the municipality was directly associated with labor market integration. Present well-being, Swedish language skill and education were factors related to integration. However, these factors differed in their relation to labor market integration when the length of time spent in the municipality was considered. With respect to the first two years in Sweden, the war-wounded group seemed to follow well an ideal labor market integration process for refugees. A short wait for a municipality to reside in and a careful introduction into the municipality might have been available for this group more than for other refugees.     

当代中国民族主义透视

民族主义在20世纪80年代末重新兴起。当代中国民族主义在表现形态上是一种相对温和的、以世俗理性为基础的民族主义,在内容上则根本上是一种爱国主义。在其发展进程中,中国的民族主义受到内部和外部诸多因素的制约,尽管如此,由于主客观两方面的原因,它在中国的大地上仍然有存在的必然性,而且还会在未来的日子里成为凝聚民族力量、维护民族利益的巨大力量。     

基于生态理论的自主品牌系统分析

品牌已经成为反映一个地区经济实力的重要指标,如何培育区域内的自主品牌成了品牌管理中的一个关键问题.本文将自主品牌作为一种有机体,利用生态学的思想对自主品牌的培育进行了分析.通过成功构建的自主品牌生态系统发现了制约自主品牌发展的限制因子,并借助生态位的概念从理论上对自主品牌的竞争战略进行了探讨,而打造自主品牌绿洲则是形成自主品牌规模效应的需要.在品牌竞争日益激烈和残酷的商业环境下,这种思想将为自主品牌的发展壮大提供可行的道路.     

试论南朝宫体诗人“以悲为美”之审美情趣——兼及其心理探源

南朝宫体诗表现出了强烈的审美倾向，即“以悲为美”，这主要表现在三个方面。首先，宫体诗乐于以“怨妇”，“弃妇”作为表现对象:其次，宫体诗所着力描摹的是女子的泪眼愁容，哀情怨态:再次，宫体诗所选取的前代女性形象也都是些失宠或者境遇坎坷凄凉的女子。这种审美情趣折射出了宫体诗人独特的心理，即他们抱有的赏玩、男权、宣泄心理。     

Violence in the nursing profession: Occupational and lifestyle risk factors in Swedish nurses

In a national study of the work environment, physical, and mental well-being of more than 2600 Swedish nurses, 30% reported having experienced violence at work. Possible association between violence and a range of occupational, demographic, and lifestyle characteristics were studied. Stepwise multiple linear and logistic regressions were used to further examine risk factors for violence. Occupational factors with significant correlations to workplace violence were nursing discipline (type of ward or facility), years of work experience, supervisory responsibilities, night work, work dissatisfaction, work-related musculoskeletal injury, and frequency of patient handling. Demographic/lifestyle factors related to violence were age, gender, smoking, coffee consumption at work, and use of alcohol to relax after work. The best fit linear regression model explained 17% of the variance in violence, 13%, of the variance in threat of violence. The logistic regression model confirmed an increased risk of violence and threats in psychiatric and geriatric settings. However, much remains unexplained about the aetiology of violencc in health carc settings. This report provides the basis for a pilot intervention study currently in progress.     

Cultural influences upon psychopathology: Clinical and practical implications

Information on the role of cultural factors in abnormal behavior and experience is selectively reviewed, and several conclusions are drawn about the nature, extent, and impact of such influence. Although a number of demonstrated universals exist in the manifestations of schizophrenia and depression, the scope of cultural variation in all aspects of psychopathology is vast. Both universalist and relativist positions in their pure or exclusive form are rejected and the view is espoused that psychological manifestations are the joint result of panhuman and culture-specific factors. Several conclusions concerning the operation and the results of such influences are presented and the issues that are as yet unresolved are identified. The self is introduced as the key concept in explaining both the constancy and the variation of experience across cultures and four dimensions derived from Hofstede's worldwide multicultural research are described. Their potential relevance is spelled out for systematically investigating the culturally preferred and/or characteristic modalities of psychotherapy.     

Cross-cultural issues in illness and wellness: Implications for depression

This paper addresses cultural factors in illness and wellness, using depression as a specific context. The issue of cultural relativism and commensurability of diagnosis and evaluation of outcomes across cultures is discussed. The concepts underlying traditional systems of healing are compared to those of Western orthodox medicine.     

Rurality Index for Small Areas in Spain

An operational definition for “rural area” is pivotal if proposals, policies and decisions aimed at optimising the distribution of resources, closing the gap on inequity between areas and raising standards of living for the least advantaged populations are to be put in place. The concept of rurality, however, is often based on alternative and conflicting definitions, requiring clarification of the underlying theoretical model. Traditionally a geographical area has been classified as rural by taking into account either the number of inhabitants or population density. Two kinds of problem are raised with this approach, however, namely: it is inherently difficult to describe such a complex concept as rurality with a single variable; and reducing the concept down to a rural/urban dichotomy by setting a non-universal cut-off point does not usually provide an accurate account of reality. Within the context of the rural–urban continuum, this paper has devised a rurality index for Spanish municipalities based on the 1991 Population, Housing and Household Survey. The index was built on a principal components factor analysis, giving rise to a single factor that is correlated to the aging of the population, economic dependency, farming, livestock or fishing-related employment, habitability of housing and population density. A score to each municipality was allocated. This index can be regularly updated thus enabling the progress of the concept of rurality to be monitored in our setting over time and then compared with other countries using the same methods.