浅析格式合同及其解释、效力

随着市场经济的发展 ,格式合同应用越来越普遍 ,随之带来的是法律对其规定的日益完善。文章通过对格式合同历史发展过程的简要分析 ,阐述了对格式合同的解释存在歧义时 ,应作不利于提供格式合同一方的解释 ,格式合同的条款无效的效力也限于提供合同的一方 ,另一方不承担相应的无效责任     

论法律制度的有效性与公民守法意识的内在关联

当国家法律制度创建时,就意味着法律制度自身所内蕴的法权要求、追求的价值目标以及为社会主体设定的行为模式等应该转变为社会现实,而且也只有当这些应然要求转变为社会现实,法律制度才能是有效的。法律制度的有效性取决于多方面的因素,其中与该国家公民的守法状况有着深刻的内在关联。因为法律制度高效实现离不开公民对法律的自觉遵守,而公民对法律的自觉遵守又是以公民的守法意识为主观心理基础。由此可见,公民的普遍守法既是法律制度高效实现的表现,也是法律制度高效实现的重要条件之一。为此,我们必须大力培养公民的自觉守法意识,以形成公民对法律的的普遍信仰和自觉遵守。     

主体资质影响合同效力之理论探析————以建设工程合同为例

通过案例整理发现,现行法律制度中,判定主体资质有瑕疵的建设工程合同无效的理由主要为违反效力性强制性规定和法人行为能力欠缺,但此种认定路径并不合适,以损害社会公共利益为判定理由更具正当性。对于主体资质失而复得从而恢复合同效力的司法解释,无论是法律行为的补正或确认制度,或以主体资质作为法律行为的特别生效要件等学说,都难以成为其理论依据。从保护特殊建筑的法规立法目的的角度,可以判定主体资质嗣后取得的合同有效,但这只能是少数情形。     

Factor Structure and Reliability of the Advantages of Children Scale with Latino and Caucasian Male Emerging Adults

Abstract

Based on the value of children theory, the purpose of this study was to develop and establish the factor structure and internal consistency reliability of the Advantages of Children Scale (ACS), a self-report measure of a modification of Hoffman and Hoffman’s value scheme of the psychological needs children meet for their parents. Data were collected from 685 emerging adult men identifying as Latino or Caucasian who were not parents. Results of the confirmatory factor analysis found a good fit for the six hypothesized subscales on the ACS: connectedness, expansion of self, family heritage, adult status and social identity, development of self, and family maintenance. We discuss potential applications of the measure in research and practice.     

Modified genetic algorithm-based clustering for probability density functions

This article modifies two internal validity measures and applies them to evaluate the quality of clustering for probability density functions (pdfs). Based on these measures, we propose a new modified genetic algorithm called GA-CDF to establish the suitable clusters for pdfs. The proposed algorithm is tested by four numerical examples including two synthetic data sets and two real data sets. These examples illustrate the superiority of proposed algorithm over some existing algorithms in evaluating the internal or external validity measures. It demonstrates the feasibility and applicability of the GA-CDF for practical problems in data mining.     

How Large Are Your G-Values? Try Gosset’s Guinnessometrics When a Little “p” Is Not Enough

Abstract

A crisis of validity has emerged from three related crises of science, that is, the crises of statistical significance and complete randomization, of replication, and of reproducibility. Guinnessometrics takes commonplace assumptions and methods of statistical science and stands them on their head, from little p-values to unstructured Big Data. Guinnessometrics focuses instead on the substantive significance which emerges from a small series of independent and economical yet balanced and repeated experiments. Originally developed and market-tested by William S. Gosset aka “Student” in his job as Head Experimental Brewer at the Guinness Brewery in Dublin, Gosset’s economic and common sense approach to statistical inference and scientific method has been unwisely neglected. In many areas of science and life, the 10 principles of Guinnessometrics or G-values outlined here can help. Other things equal, the larger the G-values, the better the science and judgment. By now a colleague, neighbor, or YouTube junkie has probably shown you one of those wacky psychology experiments in a video involving a gorilla, and testing the limits of human cognition. In one video, a person wearing a gorilla suit suddenly appears on the scene among humans, who are themselves engaged in some ordinary, mundane activity such as passing a basketball. The funny thing is, prankster researchers have discovered, when observers are asked to think about the mundane activity (such as by counting the number of observed passes of a basketball), the unexpected gorilla is frequently unseen (for discussion see Kahneman 2011 Kahneman, D. (2011), Thinking Fast and Slow, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. [Google Scholar]). The gorilla is invisible. People don’t see it.     

自评一般健康的信度和效度分析

本文利用2008年“中国流动与健康调查”（IMHC）数据,分析了自评一般健康指标的信度和效度。研究发现,自评一般健康具有较好的信度,被访者先后两次回答的结果高度一致,两次回答结果的微小变动表现为随机性的波动,而非系统性偏差。该指标在一定程度上会受到调查中题目次序效应的影响。关于自评一般健康指标效度的分析发现,该指标能够有效反映被访者自我感知的各种健康状态和个体既有的关于自身健康的知识,但不能很好地反映个体无法感知的机体变化等健康问题。自评一般健康存在较为复杂的回答偏误问题,受不同年龄、社会经济地位群体关于健康的评价标准、期望与认知差异的影响,其回答结果在不同人群中的可比性值得商榷。     

Heterosexual Men's Anger in Response to Male Homosexuality: Effects of Erotic and Non-Erotic Depictions of Male-Male Intimacy and Sexual Prejudice

The present study compared effects of erotic and non-erotic depictions of male-male intimacy on the experience of anger in heterosexual men. Data came from three independent laboratory studies designed to elicit anger in response to erotic or non-erotic depictions of male-male and male-female intimacy. All participants completed a measure of sexual prejudice and anger was assessed before and after viewing the erotic or non-erotic video. Among high-prejudiced men, viewing erotic and non-erotic intimate behavior between two men elicited significant increases in anger relative to viewing comparable behavior between a male-female dyad. In contrast, among low-prejudiced men, viewing erotic, but not non-erotic, intimate behavior between two men elicited significant increases in anger relative to viewing comparable behavior between a male-female dyad. Implications for understanding heterosexual men's anger, and aggression, toward gay men were discussed.     

艾森克人格问卷结构效度层面理论研究

研究目的:以层面理论方法检验艾森克人格问卷结构效度;研究方法:以558名大学新生为被试,以85个项目的艾森克人格问卷为研究工具,以层面理论和SSA分析技术作为问卷意义表达及数据分析方法;研究结果:最小空间分析三维结构异化系数为0.18,艾森克人格问卷的测试数据相关矩阵在几何空间中的极化结构清晰,艾森克提出的人格理论的三个维度结构得到验证.     

Construct Validity of the Emotion Matching Task: Preliminary Evidence for Convergent and Criterion Validity of a New Emotion Knowledge Measure for Young Children

Current emotion knowledge (EK) measures examine only one component of the multifaceted construct. We examined the reliability and the construct validity of a new measure of EK, the emotion matching task (EMT). The EMT consists of four parts which measure the components of receptive EK, expressive EK, emotion situation knowledge, and emotion expression matching. First, we compared the EMT and its parts to two widely used EK measures—the Kusche emotional inventory (KEI) and Denham's affective knowledge test (AKT, 1986) in order to establish convergent validity. The EMT and its four parts were strongly correlated with both measures of EK. Regression analyses revealed moderate to strong predictive validity for EMT. Compared with KEI and AKT, the EMT was a more robust predictor of teacher-rated emotion regulation and parent reported effortful control. Compared with KEI and AKT, the EMT correlated similarly with verbal ability and age.