To what extent is social security spending associated with enhanced firm-level performance? A case study of SMEs in Indonesia

Although the relationship between social protection and enterprise performance is much debated in the literature, evidence is particularly limited in the case of small and medium-sized enterprises in developing economies. Using census data from 2010 to 2014, this article examines how the provision of social security influenced business performance in Indonesia. The author finds that increased social security spending of 10 per cent is associated with a per-worker revenue gain of up to 2 per cent. Moreover, profits are not found to decrease with increased social protection coverage, suggesting that increasing worker benefits may be a worthwhile business investment.     

Inter‐country wage differences in the European Union

This article investigates the determinants of wage gaps between European Union countries along the wage distribution, applying the methodology proposed by Firpo, Fortin and Lemieux (2009) and Fortin, Lemieux and Firpo (2011). The authors conclude that both wage structure and composition effects contribute to explaining wage differentials, but that the wage structure effect is more important. This latter effect would appear to derive from differences between unknown factors, while the composition effect can largely be explained by differences in the following areas: education, proportion of workers with supervisory responsibilities, occupational structure, and, to a lesser extent, industrial structure.     

成都将军的设置及其在治理川西藏区中的作用

清乾隆年间对大小金川土司的用兵结束后,为了加强对康藏及川西藏族的统治,乾隆帝特设成都将军,统辖八旗和绿营,治理川边。成都将军在维护川西藏族地区的稳定、保持川藏大道的畅通、巩固西南边疆的安全等方面均起到了积极的作用。     

Why does class matter? Policy attitudes,mechanisms, and the case of the Nordic countries

In most democracies, classes tend to vary with respect to an array of attitudes and behaviours, and differences are large within a number of European polities. What mechanisms lie behind these differences? Do they relate primarily to individuals’ material interests, as assumed by traditional class theories, or instead, to socialization and self-selection factors? This paper seeks to extend theory and research through an analysis of mechanisms behind class differences in policy attitudes. Our focus is on the Nordic countries, where class differences are extensive and well-documented in past scholarship. We take advantage of high-quality European Social Survey data for Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Analyzing three policy arenas and the 9-category European Socio-economic Classification scheme (ESeC), we find evidence that class-related factors help to explain cleavages in attitudes. Comparisons with the more detailed, 103-category International Standard Classification of Occupation scheme (ISCO) suggest that these factors explain less “micro-class” occupational variation. Results shed new light on mechanisms behind class differences, and the empirical foundations of established class theories. These and other implications are discussed in the conclusion.     

西部农村留守妇女家庭压力及其影响因素分析

本文采用西部地区24个行政村千余名农村妇女的调查数据,探讨了农村留守妇女的家庭压力及影响因素。研究发现,留守确实增强了农村妇女的家庭压力,留守妇女承受的精神压力、经济压力、抚养赡养压力都要大于非留守妇女;留守妇女的年龄、家庭特征、当初择偶时对般配的重视程度、夫妻异质性、与外出丈夫的沟通状况、社会支持等因素对其家庭压力有不同程度的影响。提出建立夫妻间良好的沟通机制和构建社会支持网络的建议。     

近代留学生与西方教育的导入

从1872年幼童留学美国开始,近代中国派遣留学生大致可以分为四个阶段。虽然历史背景、时代需要、政府政策以及培养目的不同,但不同几个阶段的留学生,都通过自己在各个领域的努力,从观念上、制度上乃至政策上,对近代西方教育的导入在不同层面上做出了风格迥异的贡献。     

西部地区旅游产业转型升级中的科技支撑——以云南省为例

科技推动旅游产业的发展,旅游转型升级需要强化科技支撑。西部地区经济相对落后,创新能力较低,旅游业科技应用与研发水平不高,旅游科技发展亟需创新思路和工作方法,应以技术引进为基础,以技术扩散为重点,以技术创新为辅助,重点加强技术引进和扩散,大力推进模仿创新,积极培育自主创新。现阶段应制定激励政策,引导科技、教育、研发机构、行业协会形成合力,发展技术市场和中介组织,培育旅游科技应用与创新示范企业,推进智慧景区、智能酒店、数字化旅游城市试点建设。     

梁启超民族主义思想论略

面对近代救亡图存的历史任务和社会现代化的理性诉求,梁启超从思想文化和精神层面思考民族解放与经济发展、社会进步、国家振兴之间的内在联系,在辩证扬弃传统思想资源和借鉴吸收泰西学说的基础上,首次提出民族主义的历史命题.梁启超毕生致力于思想启蒙和民族解放,成为20世纪中国民族主义思想的首倡者,也为今人从历史与逻辑统一上认识民族解放和社会现代化提供了有益借鉴.     

Early-life mortality clustering in families: A literature review

Research on early-life mortality in contemporary and historical populations has shown that infant and child mortality tend to cluster in a limited number of high-mortality families, a phenomenon known as ‘mortality clustering’. This paper is the first to review the literature on the role of the family in early-life mortality. Contemporary results, methodological and theoretical shortfalls, recent developments, and opportunities for future research are all discussed in this review. Four methodological approaches are distinguished: those based on sibling deaths, mother heterogeneity, thresholds, and excess deaths in populations. It has become clear from research to date that the death of an older child harms the survival chances of younger children in that family, and that fertility behaviour, earlier stillbirths, remarriages, and socio-economic status all explain mortality clustering to some extent.