Bias correction for parameter estimates of spatial point process models

When a spatial point process model is fitted to spatial point pattern data using standard software, the parameter estimates are typically biased. Contrary to folklore, the bias does not reflect weaknesses of the underlying mathematical methods, but is mainly due to the effects of discretization of the spatial domain. We investigate two approaches to correcting the bias: a Newton–Raphson-type correction and Richardson extrapolation. In simulation experiments, Richardson extrapolation performs best.     

浅论理查生的书信体情感心理小说

理查生以《帕米拉》、《克拉丽莎》等为代表的书信体情感心理小说为欧洲近代长篇小说的发展奠定了基础。它扫除了传奇小说的巨大影响，以个人日常生活为表现对象，以爱情、婚姻、家庭问题为核心，开始了１８世纪的文学革命。它一方面以质朴、真实和准确的生活细节为小说的描写内容，另一方面又使小说的重心从外部转向内心世界，集中刻画情感和心理。书信体小说形式也因理查生的创作而得以确立和趋于完善。     

帕美勒着装的蕴涵

十八世纪英国小说在整个英国文学史上占据着不容置疑的重要地位。小说巨匠塞缪尔.理查逊用自己的小说《帕美勒,》(又名《美德有报》),向人们表明,美德最终会战胜邪恶,得到回报。小说的女主人公帕美勒通过对自己着装的选择体现了她性格中并存的两个特点:反抗与顺从。     

空间置换中的女性成长——析亨利·汉德尓·理查森三部曲中的第一部《幸福的澳大利亚》

澳洲著名女作家亨利·汉德尓·理查森的经典三部曲中的第一部《幸福的澳大利亚》从后现代空间理论的角度叙述了女主人公玛丽·麦昂尼的成长过程。玛丽·麦昂尼自我意识觉醒与她生活空间的拓展密不可分。她的每一次生活空间的变化扩展都对应着她自我意识的觉醒。     

White,black, and Hispanic male youths in central city labor markets

Data from the 1% 1980 Census Public Use Sample are used to estimate the determinants of employment and wage rates for out-of-school male youths residing in central cities. Separate calculations are undertaken for white, black, and Hispanic youths. Independent variables include individual, family background, and local labor market characteristics. Three basic findings emerge. First, racial inequality persists, with whites showing the best outcomes, Hispanics second, and blacks at the bottom. Second, underlying these unequal outcomes are rather different patterns of effect for personal and family characteristics by race. Note-worthy here is the Hispanic pattern of low reliance on schooling and high reliance on family. Finally, net of these effects, intercity differences are interesting and important. These include negative effects of city size and race composition effects which show white gains where blacks and Hispanics are a larger share of the population.