GH高浓缩汉语拼写方案及其原理

“GH高浓缩汉语拼写方案”是在《汉语拼音方案》基础上设计的可以一一对应替代现行汉字,又实行词式书写的计算机用汉语拼音文字。它的原理要从拼写结构,声母、韵母和声调的音码设计等4个方面去理解。现代汉语中每个带声调的音节的读音都有相对应的高浓缩拼写形式。     

英语拼写变异的美学功能及其翻译

从拼写变异的定义与构成入手 ,对这一特殊的修辞手段进行了客观的描述 ,探讨了其美学功能 ,并根据功能翻译理论推导出拼写变异的翻译策略     

从美语、英语差异看美语固有的活力

主要论述了美国英语和英国英语在语法运用、单词拼写和遣词造句等方面存在的差异。这些差异充分体现了当代美语既保持英语传统又从传统中革新的特点。并从这些差异的分析上进一步论述美国英语由于科技文化的发展 ,语言由繁趋简、活泼生动、富有表现力     

词汇认知的实验研究

在认知语言学基础上,依据教育心理学理论通过实验探讨了语音、构词和语义对英语词汇学习的作用。实验中对受试进行了两次测试,测试结果表明：音标、构词和语义知识对词汇的再认和重现有积极的作用;教师指导下认知的实验组的成绩显著优于未进行认知加工的对照组的拼写成绩;在深化词汇意义联系的过程中,要综合运用视觉、听觉和动觉,从语音、构词、语义多方面促进词汇广度和深度的发展。     

英语拼写体系初探

实例分析表明,英语拼写体系虽不那么系统,但却有规律可循。本文对这些规律进行了初步探讨,以期能对英语拼法研究提供一些新颖的思路。     

英语常见拼写错误心理分析

语言学习的过程从根本上讲是一个心理过程。人为什么会出错 ?这与个人异常心理有很大关系。本文拟从心理语言学的角度阐述个人异常心理因素对单词拼写负面的影响。     

Probability scoring for spelling correction

This paper describes a new program, CORRECT, which takes words rejected by the Unix^® SPELL program, proposes a list of candidate corrections, and sorts them by probability score. The probability scores are the novel contribution of this work. They are based on a noisy channel model. It is assumed that the typist knows what words he or she wants to type but some noise is added on the way to the keyboard (in the form of typos and spelling errors). Using a classic Bayesian argument of the kind that is popular in recognition applications, especially speech recognition (Jelinek, 1985), one can often recover the intended correction,c, from a typo,t, by finding the correctionc that maximizesPr(c) Pr(t/c). The first factor,Pr(c), is a prior model of word probabilities; the second factor,Pr(t/c), is a model of the noisy channel that accounts for spelling transformations on letter sequences (insertions, deletions, substitutions and reversals). Both sets of probabilities were estimated using data collected from the Associated Press (AP) newswire over 1988 and 1989 as a training set. The AP generates about 1 million words and 500 typos per week.In evaluating the program, we found that human judges were extremely reluctant to cast a vote given only the information available to the program, and that they were much more comfortable when they could see a concordance line or two. The second half of this paper discusses some very simple methods of modeling the context usingn-gram statistics. Althoughn-gram methods are much too simple (compared with much more sophisticated methods used in artificial intelligence and natural language processing), we have found that even these very simple methods illustrate some very interesting estimation problems that will almost certainly come up when we consider more sophisticated models of contexts. The problem is how to estimate the probability of a context that we have not seen. We compare several estimation techniques and find that some are useless. Fortunately, we have found that the Good-Turing method provides an estimate of contextual probabilities that produces a significant improvement in program performance. Context is helpful in this application, but only if it is estimated very carefully.At this point, we have a number of different knowledge sources—the prior, the channel and the context—and there will certainly be more in the future. In general, performance will be improved as more and more knowledge sources are added to the system, as long as each additional knowledge source provides some new (independent) information. As we shall see, it is important to think more carefully about combination rules, especially when there are a large number of different knowledge sources.     

英语交际网语语音和拼写的演化趋势

回顾英语语音和拼写的演变历程,探讨英语交际网语中不同于传统英语变化的谐音造词现象,发现了在交际网语中英语的书写形式和语音形式正力图保持一致的新趋势。     

Novel Dictation and Intraverbal Responses as a Function of a Multiple Exemplar Instructional History

We tested the effect of multiple exemplar instruction (MEI) on acquisition of joint spelling responses, vocal to written and vice versa, for three sets of five words by four kindergarteners with language delays using a delayed multiple probe design. First, students were taught to spell Set 1 as either vocal or written responses (two vocal and two written) and probed on untaught responses. Next students were taught Set 2 using MEI (i.e., alternating responses) and again probed untaught responses for Set 1. Finally, Set 3 was taught in a single response and students were probed on untaught responses. Two students spelled none of Set 1 untaught responses before MEI, while two spelled the words at 60% accuracy or 10% accuracy. After MEI on Set 2, all students spelled untaught responses for Set 1 at 80% to 100% accuracy and Set 3 at 80% to 100% accuracy. The MEI resulted in joint stimulus function such that formerly independent responses came under the same stimulus control. We replicated these results with four other kindergartners with autism who performed academically above their typically developing peers. The results are discussed in terms of Skinner''s treatment of the independence of the two verbal operants.     

论广告语言的变异现象

本文就英文广告典型实例,剖析广告文体的词汇变异现象。词汇变异目的是造成一种“突出感”,从而能够更有效地吸引读者。文章对仿词、拼写变异及创新拼写三种主要的变异形式进行分析研究,并试图探讨其美学及语言学意义。