环境侵权因果关系判断标准的理论歧向与体系建构

由于环境侵权的特殊性,致使环境侵权因果关系的认定困难重重,运用盖然性、疫学、经验法则理论来推定因果关系,有利于保护受害人,实现法的正义价值.但是,这些学说仍然存在适用范围较窄、对法官素质要求较高以及需要判例支持等问题.中国应确定以正义、秩序和效率为主要价值目标,以相当因果关系为基础,以因果关系推定为原则,遵循较低的盖然性证明标准,构建"一横一纵"式包含各种标准和方法的环境侵权因果关系判断标准体系.     

Integrative Body-Mind-Spirit (I-BMS) Interventions for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Review of the Outcome Literature

ABSTRACT

Background: A growing interest in integrative body-mind-spirit (I-BMS) approaches to treatment of PTSD has resulted in a significant increase in related research. Method: This study conducted a synthesized review of randomized controlled trials of I-BMS treatments for PTSD, yielding thirteen studies that included: mindfulness/meditation (7), yoga (3), acupuncture (1), spiritually-based intervention (1), and relaxation (1) from 2004–2015. The study used a modified Delphi List (mDL) and the California Evidence-Based Clearinghouse (CEBC) to evaluate study rigor and level of research support for each practice. Results: Overall, I-BMS interventions demonstrated positive outcomes. Based on an mDL range between 0 and 7, scores were: 6 for meditation/mindfulness, 5.67 for yoga, 7 for acupuncture, 3 for spiritually-based intervention, and 4.5 for relaxation training. All interventions were recommended as practices with Promising Research Evidence (Level 3). Effect sizes (d) ranged from .51 to 1.88 for relaxation, .38 to 1.02 for spiritual, .31 to 1.4 for acupuncture, .1 to 1.54 for yoga and .2 to 1.53 for mindfulness meditation. Discussion: This study identified acupuncture, meditation, and yoga as high-quality alternative therapeutic practices for PTSD with promising evidence as effective and safe approaches. Future studies should assess long-term effects to further elevate the level of research support.     

范数灰关联理论在煤矿瓦斯爆炸致因分析中的应用

采用范数灰关联分析方法对煤矿瓦斯爆炸致因因素进行分析,确定煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故发生的原因;分别计算各类事故致因因素对事故发生的灰色关联度;并根据得出的灰色关联度计算范数灰关联度,进而归一化处理计算结果,得到各影响因素的权重,从而得出结论：机电设备老化是高温热源产生的主要原因,通风系统设计不合理是瓦斯聚集的主要原因。     

A review of the effectiveness of empowering leadership

Based on a review of empirical literature on empowering leadership, given incongruent and mixed results, the current work suggests reconsidering the effectiveness of empowering leadership. We propose a framework for examining the effectiveness of empowering leadership that considers: 1) feasibility of non-linear main effects of empowering leadership on work-related outcomes, 2) possibility of reverse causation between empowering leadership and work-related outcomes, 3) potential contradictory mediating mechanisms through which empowering leadership influences work-related outcomes, 4) consideration of boundary conditions which could alter the relationships between empowering leadership and work-related outcomes, and 5) consideration of levels-of-analysis and multilevel issues in empowering leadership. Our framework considers the multifaceted nature of empowering leadership and offers a guiding tool for advancing future research in this area.     

论医疗损害赔偿责任中因果关系理论

医疗损害赔偿责任中因果关系的特殊性决定了应当采用英美法上的二分法因果关系理论,即从事实上因果关系和法律上因果关系两个层面进行认定。事实上的因果关系应当运用医学科学原理进行科学判断,法律上的因果关系应当在相当因果关系理论和可预见性理论的指导下依据法律法规进行认定。正确理解和运用与其相关的因果关系理论,对公正合理地裁决医疗损害赔偿诉讼案件具有重要的理论意义。     

新创企业商业模式创新的机理与实证研究——基于环境动态性的调节作用

商业模式创新对新创企业度过生存危机和实现快速赶超至关重要。然而,关于新创企业究竟是按效果推理还是因果推理实现商业模式创新却存在不同观点。基于效果理论,本研究探究了不同动态环境下,因果推理、效果推理及两者交互作用对商业模式创新的影响机理;同时,在对新创企业408份调查问卷进行实证研究后发现：(1)因果推理和效果推理均是指导新创企业实现商业模式创新的有效决策逻辑;(2)环境动态性对因果推理和效果推理与商业模式创新间关系均有显著的正向调节作用;(3)效果推理和因果推理的交互作用对商业模式创新有显著的正向影响。     

《侵权责任法·医疗损害》之管见

2010年7月1日施行的《侵权责任法》中的医疗损害责任一章与既往的法律法规大有不同,该法实施后举证责任、因果关系与过失责任等一系列医疗损害中最常见的问题都需要重新认识。笔者就上述问题进行分析认为,只要医疗事故需要鉴定,举证责任倒置就存在。如果《侵权责任法》要求的是严格责任,则某些过错的确认,就不再需要确立因果关系。     

Organisation,Emergence and Cambridge Social Ontology

John Searle has mistakenly claimed that emergence is the central concept in the account of social ontology defended by Tony Lawson, the central figure in the project now regularly referred to as Cambridge Social Ontology. This is not the case. Rather, if any concept can be considered central for Lawson, it is organisation. In this paper, I explain how Searle could misunderstand Lawson and, in doing so, I bring out the importance of organisation for understanding how phenomena, both social and non-social, are constituted.     

Probability of Causation and the Attributable Proportion Risk

A uranium miner who smokes develops lung cancer: what is the probability that radiation, rather than tobacco, caused it? This paper briefly explains the principles and limits of probability models for which this question makes sense, and then shows how principles of risk accounting can be applied to obtain a solution to the general problem of attributing risk in the presence of joint, possibly interacting, causes. A procedure for calculating each factor's “share” in a jointly caused risk is proposed, and shown to be a generalization of the “probability of causation” concept. Problems of implementation and interpretation for the proposed attribution procedure are discussed, and illustrative error bounds are derived for a simple decision rule, in which probability of causation or attributable risk share calculations are made using aggregate data as a proxy for unknown individual data.     

论环境侵权中因果关系的举证责任——基于《侵权责任法》第66条的分析

在对《侵权责任法》第66条进行分析解释的基础上,结合环境侵权责任的特殊性,论证传统举证责任规则的问题所在,提出因果关系推定规则的必要性与可行性,进而从理论层面到实践层面的细化方面来规范举证责任分配规则。