是与善的分类及其意义——从亚里士多德哲学中开出"元实践学"的尝试

柏拉图把理念的“善”看作万有的太阳,这个“善”同时又是最真的“是”,二者是一个整体。他主张人要从认识万有上升到认识“善”,再把对这个“善”的认识带回到改变万有的实践之中。亚里士多德把“是”分为十个范畴,并否认“是”本身是一个超越它们之上的种,同时认为“善”跟“是”一样具有多种意义,实践中的“善”都是具体的,“善”的理念对实践没有意义,从而把对“是”的研究和对“善”的研究分离开来,把理论问题和实践问题分离开来。为解决理论领域的普遍性和根本性问题,亚里士多德建立了“形上学”,但实践领域的“形上学”却付之阙如。事物的存在是浑然一体的,在理论上被分成范畴的认识在实践中如何合成整体,这就是“元实践学”或“实践的形上学”所要研究的问题。     

论亚里士多德的静观及其现代价值

亚里士多德认为,幸福就是至善,是人生所追求的最高目标,而静观是其中最幸福的生活。静观在亚里士多德伦理学中占据重要的地位。正确地认识静观是理解亚里士多德伦理思想的重要内容。本文分别论述静观的内涵、静观的渊源、静观的形而上基础,进而挖掘静观的现代价值,以昭示在追求物质生活之时,也要追求精神上的满足,从而达到完善个人、完善社会的目标。     

孔子的“友谊”思想和亚里士多德的“友爱论”比较

孔子的“爱人”思想,本质上是讲“亲亲”,但也包含建立良好的朋友关系,这就是中国人所说的友谊问题。亚里士多德的“友爱”论,不仅包含朋友之间的关系,也包含家庭成员之间的关系,甚至包括统治者与被统治者之间的关系。比较孔子的“友谊”思想与亚里士多德的“友爱”论,既可发现东方文明与西方文明的相同之处,也可发现东方文明与西方文明的不同之处。     

灵魂说:西方哲学的诞生地和秘密——柏拉图和亚里士多德灵魂说研究

西方哲学无论是本体论知识论还是政治伦理学说,无论是思辨哲学还是实践哲学,都离不开灵魂学说。灵魂说是西方哲学的诞生地和秘密,是人性和神性、人论和神论的交汇地。柏拉图把灵魂看作与肉体相分离的超越时空的永恒不朽的实体,通过灵魂论证理念的存在,而且使人获得对理念的认识;亚里士多德反对灵魂与肉体相分离,但把灵魂提到原因、本体、本质、形式、现实的高度,灵魂还是优于高于肉体。柏拉图将感觉排除于灵魂之外,提出“灵魂三部分”之说,强调理性居支配地位;亚里士多德坚持思维与感觉是灵魂的两种不同的功能(能力),两者与对象的形式同一,都有一定的能动性,但更强调理性思维的能动性,乃至永恒不朽的主动理性;柏拉图(以正义论为核心)和亚里士多德(以德性论为核心)的伦理政治学说虽然内容各异,但均根植于人的灵魂的本性,认为理性是人的灵魂的本质所在,是人之为人的本质属性。     

论亚里士多德的消费伦理思想及其现代价值

亚里士多德主张"中道"的消费伦理原则,反对"浪费"和"吝啬",注重"节制",强调对人们进行消费道德教育.这些对于遏制消费主义的盛行、防止消费不足的倾向、促进社会经济的健康发展,有着不可低估的现代价值.     

试论亚里士多德对盖伦医学的影响

盖伦医学是建立在亚里士多德哲学基础上的一座医学大厦。亚里士多德对盖伦医学的影响是全方位的,其中既有研究方法上的影响,又有具体观点上的影响。盖伦秉承了亚里士多德哲学中的经验观察法与逻辑演绎法。盖伦在解剖学上的成就,既与他重视了亚氏溜下的大量动物解剖学资料有关,也与他运用亚里士多德的哲学方法从事医学研究有关。盖伦遵循亚里士多德天地回轮的设想,提出了血液运动潮汐说。亚里士多德的灵魂学说是盖伦灵气学说的哲学基础,其三种灵气思想发展了亚里士多德的三种灵魂学说。盖伦的目的论思想,也主要来源于亚里士多德。     

亚里士多德“善”思想研究

作为古希腊哲学集大成者的亚里士多德,其关于"善"思想的研究有诸多的论述,文章通过考察"善"在古希腊哲学中的概念变迁,分析亚里士多德"善"思想的精神特质,"善"思想的形而上学意义和"善"思想的实践意义,最后对亚里士多德的"善"思想进行总结与反思。     

Grounding Twenty-first-Century Public Relations Praxis in Aristotelian Ethos

ABSTRACT

By grounding public relations praxis in Aristotelian ethos, practitioners can function as liaison officers with balanced perspectives, capable of co-creating meaning with both client organizations and their publics between whom experts are hired to facilitate mutually beneficial relationships. This approach locates persuasion at the nexus of speaker ethos in the public relations process. It allows practitioners to balance their commitment to the ethics of their profession with loyalty to clients, while empowering audiences (organizations and their publics) to function as the final arbiters of any courses of action proposed to them. Moreover, because the approach enables practitioners, based on their credible ethos, to participate in organizational decision-making, it has the potential to transfer their ethical worldview to client organizations. Ultimately, the central theoretical contribution of this essay is an alternative approach to public relations praxis founded on an analysis of Aristotle’s notion of phronesis, arête, and eunoia.     

The Possibility of the Recommencement of Philosophy in Chinese Thought

In modern Chinese thought, “philosophy” and the whole disciplinary system rooted in it have had a far-reaching influence on the Chinese understanding and interpretation of their own tradition. If we are to avoid a naïve and simplistic final interpretation of traditional thought, the most prudent and reliable way to go about it is to ponder the whole framework and realm on which this understanding is based before we proceed to understand tradition. Before the inevitable problematization of “Chinese thought,” we should try to problematize “philosophy.” This demands that we find, in the constant rise and fall of philosophical trends, the view of philosophy by which Chinese thought is generally judged, and make it the object of questioning. Mou Zongsan’s attempt to reinterpret classical Chinese thought, based directly on Aristotle’s theory of the four causes, cannot be viewed as a success. The so-called first beginning of philosophy means establishing, led by the question of being—ontology, a system in which cheng (completion) is prior to and identical with sheng (generation). Now that Chinese thought has encountered Heidegger and thus rediscovered Aristotle and the whole of classical Western thought, the time is ripe for us to reexamine and assess the beginning of philosophy in terms of the complete and original experience whence Chinese thought arose.     

亚里士多德实体理论的意义和缺陷探析

亚里士多德的实体理论将存在的范畴分为十类,其中实体是独立和核心范畴,其余范畴是依存和次要范畴。实体与其他范畴是被依存与依存、被表述与表述的关系。亚里士多德的实体理论在学理上至少有两个重大意义:正名并创立逻辑学;表明人们不能在认识关系之外来认识和把握世界,存在与思维同一。通过举例分析,认为“白马非马”是诡辩。亚里士多德实体理论的最大缺陷是关于第一实体和第二实体的划分,以及对一般与个别及其关系的看法的矛盾和混乱。一般与个别作为实体并无第一第二之分;在存在论上,一般与个别都既是客观实在又是概念;在认识论上,一般与个别都是认识的起点。