Gender bias in job referrals: An experimental test

Employee referral programs, while efficient for the employer, have been shown to amplify sex-based occupational segregation in labor markets because of the tendency of workers to refer people of the same gender. We implement a controlled laboratory experiment that precludes any concern for network composition or reputation effects in referral choice. In this way, our experimental design allows us to disentangle statistical discrimination, preferences, and implicit same-gender bias. Our data suggest that women tend to favor women when choosing a candidate, whereas men do not attach much importance to the gender of potential candidates. We deduce from our various treatments that same-gender referrals are mainly driven by preferences in competitive environments and implicit same-gender bias in cooperative environments. Our findings add to the existing literature by highlighting that gendered networks alone fail to explain the observed gender homophily in referred-referrer pairs.     

COMPETITION AND GENDER PREJUDICE: ARE DISCRIMINATORY EMPLOYERS DOOMED TO FAIL?

According to Becker's famous theory on discrimination (Gary Becker, 1957 , The Economics of Discrimination, University of Chicago Press), entrepreneurs with a strong prejudice against female workers forgo profits by submitting to their tastes. In a competitive market their firms lack efficiency and are therefore forced to leave. We present new empirical evidence for this prediction by studying the survival of start‐up firms in longitudinal matched employer–employee data. We find that firms with strong preferences for discrimination approximated by a low share of female employees relative to the industry average have significantly shorter survival rates. This is especially relevant for firms starting out with female shares in the lower tail of the distribution. Competition at the industry level additionally reduces firm survival and accelerates the rate at which prejudiced firms are weeded out. We also find evidence for employer learning as highly discriminatory start‐up firms that manage to survive submit to market powers and increase their female workforce over time.     

Gender effect on housework allocation: Evidence from Spanish two-earner couples

In this paper we study the reasons behind the asymmetric distribution of housework within Spanish two-earner couples. Spouses' housework times are estimated jointly in a bivariate framework using data from the 1991 Work Situation and Time Use Survey. In order to understand the impact of gender-specific factors on the observed allocation of housework, we perform estimations that are in line with the Oaxaca decomposition. Our results suggest that the unequal division of domestic work between wives and husbands in our sample is mainly explained by gender-specific effects rather than by differences in their observable characteristics. All correspondence to Daniel Miles. We thank Juan F. Jimeno, a co-editor and two anonymous referees for helpful comments and the Spanish Instituto de la Mujer for providing us with the data. Financial support from the Cátedra de Estudios Feministas-Caixanova and from the Spanish Dirección General de Ense?anza Superior, grant number BEC2001-1270, is also gratefully acknowledged. Responsible editor: Daniel S. Hamermesh.     

The empowerment of women,fertility, and child mortality: Towards a theoretical analysis

This paper examines one avenue through which female autonomy impinges on fertility and child mortality in developing countries. A simple model is set out in which couples are motivated to have children for old age security purposes. The decisions of a couple regarding fertility and allocation of resources for the healthcare of their children are made within a bargaining framework. An increase in female autonomy translating into an increase in the relative bargaining power or the threat point utility of mothers is shown to reduce fertility and also to reduce child mortality rates. Paradoxically, the increase in female autonomy within a household may increase the disadvantage suffered by female children in that household with respect to survival. Received: 4 August 1999/Accepted: 7 September 2000     

16层螺旋CT对肝脓肿的临床诊断价值探讨

目的：探讨16层螺旋CT对肝脓肿的临床诊断价值。方法选择40例肝脓肿患者,对其进行16层螺旋CT平扫、门静脉期及动脉期检查。结果患者病灶出现于肝脏左叶12例,肝脏右叶20例,多发8例。病灶呈略低密度影或低密度影,主要为类圆形,3例病灶内部呈现出气体影。结论16层螺旋CT扫描可以有效显示出肝脓肿的病理情况,为临床确诊提供了有效的影像学参考。     

关于部分大学生对召开十六大思想状况的调查报告

本文介绍了对部分大学生关于召开党的十六大的思想状况问卷调查的大量数据 ,通过对数据的分析认为 ,在大学生中宣传江泽民“七一”讲话精神是有成效的 ;推进“三个代表”重要思想“三进”的任务还很繁重 ;正确评价我国党风廉政建设的现状、如何树立大学生反腐败的信心 ,是当前大学生思想政治教育的难点 ;必须高度重视稳定工作     

怎样深刻理解"三个代表"重要思想的历史地位

"三个代表"重要思想是系统的科学理论,是对马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论的继承和发展。党的十六大把"三个代表"确立为我们党必须长期坚持的指导思想,对于全面开创社会主义事业的新局面会产生积极重要的作用。     

创新:党的十三届四中全会以来我国国防建设的突出特征

江泽民在党的十六大报告中全面阐述了关于我国国防和军队建设的指导方针。这些指导方针,既是对我国国防和军队建设经验,特别是党的十三届四中全会以来国防和军队建设经验的总结,又因其强烈的时代特征,具有重要的现实指导意义。十六大报告关于国防和军队建设的论述与13年来我国国防和军队建设的实践贯穿着同一条血脉,即在对毛泽东军事思想和邓小平新时期军队建设思想继承基础上的创新和发展。     

MORE MISSING WOMEN,FEWER DYING GIRLS: THE IMPACT OF SEX‐SELECTIVE ABORTION ON SEX AT BIRTH AND RELATIVE FEMALE MORTALITY IN TAIWAN

This study finds that the introduction of sex‐selective abortion in Taiwan due to the legalization of abortion when prenatal sex‐detection technology was already available increased the fraction of males born at higher parities and changed the composition of mothers choosing to give birth. Controlling for compositional changes, we find that access to sex‐selective abortion reduced relative neonatal female mortality rates for higher‐parity births.     

The Intra‐household Division of Labor: An Empirical Analysis of Spousal Influences on Individual Time Allocation

Using the German Time Use Surveys 1991/92 and 2001/02, this paper analyses the interactions between the time‐use decisions of partners within one household. Thereby, an interdependent model of the partners' times allocated to paid and unpaid work that allows for simultaneity and endogeneity of the time allocation decisions of the spouses is applied. When including both weekdays and weekend days in the analysis, a complementary relationship between the partner's time allocations is found. When restricting the analysis to weekdays, however, men's time dedicated to paid and unpaid work is unaffected by their wives' time‐use decisions.