内地灾害救助的发展及与港、澳的比较思考

内地的灾害救助从灾害管理到灾害的统计、核定、评估,应急预案和响应,从生活救助到恢复重建,从资金物资储备到捐赠,已经形成了较具规模的主体框架,并在救灾实践中得到不断的完善和发展,当然也存在着一些局限。香港、澳门的灾害救助有着各自的特色,香港基金式管理方式和澳门部门联动与灾民中心,为内地灾害救助体系的发展提供了很多思考。     

An Analysis of Selected Pension and Health Care Initiatives for Informal Sector Workers in India

India's demographic trends portend moderately rapid ageing of the population. This, combined with the limited coverage of pension and health care programmes in terms of population, types of risks covered, and benefit levels has led to greater urgency in extending the coverage and reform directions of the current pension and health care programmes. This article analyses three pension and health care initiatives in India directed at the workers and their families engaged in the informal sector. The first initiative, India's National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP), undertaken in 1995 provides budget‐financed transfers targeted at older persons. It is funded by the Union government but implemented by the state governments. The second initiative, called Swavalamban, was started in 2010, but has been subsumed under Atal Pension Yojana (APY), in the 2015–16 budget. Both are voluntary co‐contributory initiatives aimed at providing access to retirement income to low‐income individuals (government co‐contributing with the individual). Unlike Swavalamban, the APY initiative has provisions for minimum guaranteed pension benefits, with contributions required by the members adjusted accordingly. Effectiveness in increasing enrollment and in sustaining contributions over a longer period will impact on the extent of retirement income security obtained by the members. The third initiative, Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY), is insurance‐based and aims to provide hospital care to low‐income households. The article argues that for improving outcomes of these initiatives, more effective implementation, greater fiscal resources, and an integrated and systemic approach which is aided by technology‐enabled platforms such as Aadhaar, will be needed.     

城市“三无人员”医疗救助的社会工作介入浅析

在我国目前的社会经济形势下,城市“三无人员”的医疗救助状况表现出救助机构隐性排斥、救助水平偏低,保障力度偏弱、救助渠道单一和被救助人员的非正常心态等问题,社会工作者以对城市三无人员医疗救助的需求掌控、整合医疗救助资源和协调建立社会支持网等方面为突破口,积极介入这一特殊群体的医疗救助,更好地缓解这些社会问题。     

Work & stress: Information

Abstract

The human and finacial costs of stress in the workplace have been extensively documented in the literature. The present study used a two-round Delphi methodology with 17 human resource managers from 17 medium-sized and large Canadian organizations. The main purposes of the study were to predict future policy and programme directions as well as expected benefits and constraints on organizations during the 1990s. This panel of experts predicated even greater stress in the workplace in large part due to greater (global) competition and greater resource constraints on organizations for programmes and services for their employees as well as management resistance to such directions. Organization will be challenged to identify cost effective means to prevent or, at least, to amelorate stress. Several practical ideas were generated by the panel for organizations to consider.     

高校困难群体心理状况调查

贫困生作为高校中普遍存在的一个群体,已经成为高校工作的一个重要方面。但实践中存在着片面地注重对贫困生的经济帮助,较少关注其真实的心理境况的问题。研究试图从心理学、社会学、教育学等多角度入手,分析研究高校贫困生的心理状况,从深层次上挖掘内因,比如,大学生群体中,男生和女生谁更在意经济状况？谁更敏感？遇到问题时谁更容易选择极端的方案？来自于城市、郊区和乡村这三类不同生源地的大学生存在哪些差异与特性？经济困难学生有哪些健康的特质或潜在的危机？目前的经济状况会不会影响大学生的人生选择？经济困难的学生愿意选择什么样的资助方式？以期通过将高校的帮困助学和人文关怀以及心理干预相结合的方式．有针对性地帮助他们,使贫困群体渡过经济和心理的多重难关,健康成长。     

中国式“福利依赖”的制度设计探源——北京市城市居民最低生活保障制度案例研究

本文通过对北京市25户低保家庭的长期跟踪调查,总结分析了中国制度背景下福利依赖的类型及原因。中国低保制度把多种福利与低保资格捆绑在一起,收入和资产审查缺乏可操作性,制度设计上促进就业政策基本失效。以上这几方面构成了福利依赖的制度设计原因。从这个意义上来说。中国的福利依赖原因很大程度上并不是救助福利丰厚,而是福利缺失所致。即失去低保资格会使家庭的很多风险失去保护,并且我国缺乏家计调查和工作福利制的可操作性,这些与发达国家有关“福利依赖”问题的争论有着根本的区别。     

Gender differences in the effects of coping assistance on the reduction of burnout in academic staff

This study examined gender differences in the effectiveness of five sources of coping assistance to reduce dissatisfaction and emotional exhaustion among 403 female and 664 male academic staff of a Dutch university. It was hypothesized that support at work ((1) socio-emotional aid from the supervisor and colleagues, (2) a supportive climate in the department, and (3) practical assistance in the department) and support at home ((4) socio-emotional aid from the spouse, and (5) practical assistance from the spouse) would reduce dissatisfaction and burnout, and that women especially would benefit from these coping assistance measures. Using moderated regression analyses, the results showed that coping assistance from a supervisor and colleagues is an important measure to reduce both dissatisfaction and emotional exhaustion. Further, a supportive departmental climate and practical assistance in the department reduced emotional exhaustion and especially female academic staff benefited from these types of coping assistance at the aggregate level. However, contrary to expectations, such beneficial effects were not found for both socio-emotional aid and practical assistance from the spouse.     

论研究生"三助"工作的作用、问题和对策

高校完善的＂三助＂工作制度,可以发挥多元的功能——校内资源整合、综合育人,促进高校民主管理、人事改革以及对研究生进行助学资助等。但在实际操作中,由于认识不到位、组织不得力、＂三助＂岗位少、支付薪酬低等原因限制了＂三助＂功能的充分发挥。对此,本文提出相应的建议和对策。     

户籍制度改革中的人口迁移福利磁力问题研究

根据福利磁力理论,对我国户籍制度改革中的人口迁移福利磁力问题进行了系统分析,建立福利磁力效应的财政压力估算公式,并以广东省为例,就户籍制度改革中的福利磁力效应的潜在财政压力展开社会救助制度层面的实证分析。分析结果表明:户籍制度改革在不去除目前的社会救助制度区域分隔机制的情况下,将可能产生大规模福利移民问题,使发达地区财政负担迅速加重,显著增加国家总体财政开支。借鉴国外福利去磁力化政策实践,设置社会救助制度的资格申请等待期和福利递进机制是比较可取的应对策略。     

中国农村五保救助制度的特征——兼论国家与社区的关系

传统五保供养制度带有国家化社区救助特征,这种特征反映了中国农村地区"政社合一"或"政社不分"的制度环境。在农业集体经济结构瓦解条件下,新的五保供养制度正转向国家化公共救助,体现出国家与社区关系中的某种"内卷化分离"。现代社会的发展将导致公共救助与社区救助的合理分化,以及公共救助的社区化,促成国家与社区的平等合作关系。