中亚东干族文化传统及近年中亚地区汉语教学的发展

中亚东干族是中国陕甘回民的后裔,是因战争迁徙而聚居于哈、吉、乌三国的华人群体。本文考察中亚东干族的形成,分析其突出的文化表征,阐述东干文化对中国汉文化的继承,介绍国内对东干留学生的汉语教学与中亚地区汉语教学的现状及发展前景。     

“国防一线”的“三线建设”——云南三线建设的历史研究

云南处于援越抗美和对越自卫反击战的国防一线,同时又是我国地缘国防战略的大后方。既是“一线”又是“三线”的特殊地缘政治环境,赋予了云南三线建设独特的面貌和经验。在1964年至1980年的云南三线建设历程中,经历了两个建设高潮。文章试图真实再现各个阶段的规划部署、实施过程,分析出现的问题,以弥补相关研究的不足。这场特殊的“备战经济”建设,为保卫边疆安全、巩固国防发挥了应有的作用,同时也为云南的经济社会发展做出了重大的贡献。     

战争视阈下的公共养老金制度

战争会对公共养老金制度产生重大影响。第一,战争会影响社会养老需求和供给;第二,随着战争的发展,人们的养老观念也会发生变化;第三,军人是在战争中发展起来的职业,战争会影响军人职业的养老。第二次世界大战期间,英国的公共养老金制度因为战争的影响而做出了重要调整。基于此,在设计公共养老金制度时,应该考虑到战争因素。     

A variable-neighbourhood search algorithm for finding optimal run orders in the presence of serial correlation

The responses obtained from response surface designs that are run sequentially often exhibit serial correlation or time trends. The order in which the runs of the design are performed then has an impact on the precision of the parameter estimators. This article proposes the use of a variable-neighbourhood search algorithm to compute run orders that guarantee a precise estimation of the effects of the experimental factors. The importance of using good run orders is demonstrated by seeking D-optimal run orders for a central composite design in the presence of an AR(1) autocorrelation pattern.     

康乾平叛战争与肃州城镇经济的发展

肃州是清初我国西北因战争而繁荣起来的典型城市。基于辟邻蒙古“准噶尔”部的特殊地理位置,清初,这里不仅是西北边防重镇和交通枢纽,而且边贸繁盛并因此出现了著名的康乾“肃州贸易”,使肃州成长为当时西北“边陲一大商埠”,推动了肃州城镇规模的扩大和地方经济的繁荣。但乾隆二十三年后,随着“平定准噶尔叛乱”的结束,肃州开始内附,其地位的下降导致城镇经济发展的回落。     

试论邮政储金汇业局的经营活动

1937年对日全面抗战开始后,国民政府主张抗战与建设并重。在金融方面,对政策进行了一系列调整,在战前经济金融政策的基础上,国民政府制定实施了战时金融统制政策,在此过程中邮政储金汇业局的经营发生了深刻变化。作为四联总处下属的“四行二局”之一,邮政储金汇业局在战时的金融体系中占有举足轻重的地位。通过利用中国第二历史档案馆馆藏的邮政储金汇业局、四联总处等机构的资料,重点分析邮政储金汇业局在抗日战争时期的经营活动。这不仅有助于我们了解抗战时期国民政府经济金融政策实施的过程及成效,也可以清楚地认识到邮政储蓄在抗战金融体系中的地位和作用。     

论战争记忆与老舍创作的国家复仇意识

１９００年八国联军入侵北京时的战争经历对老舍的人生记忆具有决定性的影响。这种战争记忆在老舍的生活经验中不断被新的战争经历和海外生话所激活,从而奠定了老舍创作的“仇洋心理”,使老舍创作表现出复杂的国家复仇意识。国家复仇意识在某种意义上是老舍创作的核心意识。     

Limites et pertinence de la guerre juste face au terrorisme et aux nouvelles guerres

This article aims to examine the pertinence as well as the limits of the just war theory in order to apprehend the ethical issues raised by contemporary forms of political violence. Terrorism is undoubtedly an extreme case of political violence that puts to the test the theoretical and practical relevance of jus ad bellum and jus in bello principles. From a sociological point of view, it appears necessary to understand contemporary terrorism within the historical evolution of armed conflicts and under the light of current research devoted to the concept of ‘new wars’. Although I will argue that just war theory does not sufficiently take into account current studies on the empirical features of contemporary wars, it is nonetheless possible to salvage the theoretical and practical relevance of just war theory in a more specified sense. From a philosophical point of view, the goal of this article is to confront the theoretical and practical relevance of just war theory with the current body of research in the field of the sociology of war in order to assess both its limitations and its potential scope.     

Nouvelles guerres justes,nouvelles guerres saintes

Holy wars and just wars are two distinct categories regarding their justification. The first claims that God himself commands and supports war or, at least, that God is the ultimate legitimization. On this side of the world, two types of holy war have existed: the crusade and the jihad. By contrast, the just war is justified by the need to deploy an awareness of uncertainty, because that war intends to be after all a prudent decision. The challenge is to class brutality under a moral action and to place war under both the criteria of legitimacy and a less inhumane violence. Totalitarianism of the twentieth century has continued holy war, even if religions have been replaced by justificatory idéologies. Today, the wars waged on behalf of human rights and under international law, such as the war in Kosovo, may be recognized as new'holy wars' conducted on behalf of an unwavering certainty: they are of a Manichean type; while a'just war' in the contemporary context is one that belongs to a particular decision, such as the American war in Iraq, and thus submitted to the uncertainty and debate, and assuming the consequences of the decision.     

Conflicts in urban fringe in the transformation era: An examination of performance of the metropolitan growth management in Beijing

The performances of urban growth management are often criticized because their original objectives are frequently inconsistent with local development facts. Underlying the many reasons for this are the political and institutional contexts that influence policy-making and development activities. The urban fringe, a zone is managed to against urban sprawl in many countries, represents the conflicts between urban management system and local development resulting from political transformation. This study examines the case of decentralised-concentration strategy, one of the most important metropolitan growth management in Beijing since the 1990s, and sheds some lights on the performance of the growth management in the transformation context. The results suggest that the aims of municipal growth management to concentrate developments in urban fringe have partly been achieved through actual local developments; however, some unexpected and illegal local developments outside the planned areas are counterproductive from the perspective of municipal growth management. The performance of the present growth management is being challenged by new trends towards political decentralisation and locally fiscal responsibilities. In the interest of future policymaking, the dominant central planning system in Beijing should take these decentralisation trends into growth management account, compared with the great progress in decentralisation in economy system. The urban policy needs to shift from the dictatorial manner and put more efforts into creating a harmonious relationship between municipal growth management and actual local demands on development.