A probabilistic approach to Wallis’ formula

We present an alternative proof of Wallis’ formula from the probabilistic point of view. Based on the classical central limit theorem, some discrete distributions with additive property, such as binomial, negative binomial, Poisson and multinomial distributions, are considered to derive π/2.     

宋教仁的帝国主义论与民族解放思想

宋教仁对帝国主义的侵略特点和战争本质都有深刻的新认识.他在20世纪初敏锐地预见到国际战略格局的新变化,认为日、美、英等国在亚太地区的激烈争夺,必然导致日美之间的战争;同时剖析了欧洲德、奥、意"三国同盟"与英、法、俄"三国协约"的形成与矛盾的尖锐化.认为这必将导致世界大战的爆发.他提出,中国应该利用帝国主义之间的矛盾,配合世界性民族独立解放运动的新潮流,争取中华民族的独立与解放.     

Designs for estimating the difference between two responses

In this paper the problem of designing experiments for estimating the difference between responses at two arbitrary points in the region of interest is considered. Under the average mean squared error criterion the design moment conditions have been worked out. The results have been applied to the class of central composite designs.     

改革是新形势下实现人民利益的有效路径——学习党的十七届五中全会精神

党的十六大以来,以胡锦涛为总书记的党中央领导集体,继续解放思想,坚持改革开放,推动科学发展,促进社会和谐,为践行人民利益观呕心沥血。＂改革＂作为决定当代中国命运的关键选择,成为贯穿中国特色社会主义事业始终的关键词,依然是党的十七届五中全会的核心理念。全会深入分析了今后一个时期我国经济社会发展的国内外形势,提出通过经济、政治、文化等方面的深化改革进一步实现人民经济、政治和文化利益。     

美国扩军备战的鼓吹者——伦纳德·伍德

伦纳德·伍德认为：美国必须为未来战争做好准备，实行国民经济总动员，建立公民军队、平民军事教育体系和预备役军官。他在担任总参谋长期间采取了一系列的措施：提高总参谋部的效率，改革后勤，改组国民警卫队，改革军队编制，开展“普拉茨堡运动”，颁布1916年《国防法》和《扩军法》，为美国参加第一次世界大战做好了准备。     

论民生公司战时运输所遇困难及其产生原因

民生公司在抗战期间为战时运输做出巨大贡献的同时，面临着种种困难。在分析民生公司所面临的威胁与困难的基础上，指出日军的侵略、官僚资本对民族资本主义企业的觊觎及非营利性经营模式下未获得有效资金支持是造成其困难的主要原因。     

War and security,women and gender: an overview of the issues

This article addresses the gender division of war and the significance of men and masculinity in processes of militarisation. Three phases of the continuum of war are considered. In periods of war-readiness, societies see a diversion of spending from social provision to the armed forces, accompanied by an increase in patriarchal ideology and authority. The actual waging of wars calls for the delivery of extreme but disciplined violence, and combat training shapes masculinity to this purpose. Armed conflict often involves a massive sexual assault on women. Women have recently intervened internationally to argue that if peace is to be more than a mere cessation of hostilities, ‘security’ must be redefined to mean the satisfaction of human needs, including comprehensive safety for women. Women's peace movements, worldwide, are theorising that gender power relations are significant among the causes of war, and transformative change in how we ‘live’ gender can be a significnt resource for peace.     

Central Limit Theorem approximations for the number of runs in Markov-dependent binary sequences

We consider Markov-dependent binary sequences and study various types of success runs (overlapping, non-overlapping, exact, etc.) by examining additive functionals based on state visits and transitions in an appropriate Markov chain. We establish a multivariate Central Limit Theorem for the number of these types of runs and obtain its covariance matrix by means of the recurrent potential matrix of the Markov chain. Explicit expressions for the covariance matrix are given in the Bernoulli and a simple Markov-dependent case by expressing the recurrent potential matrix in terms of the stationary distribution and the mean transition times in the chain. We also obtain a multivariate Central Limit Theorem for the joint number of non-overlapping runs of various sizes and give its covariance matrix in explicit form for Markov dependent trials.     

Children Born of Wartime Rape: Rights and Representations

The ongoing conflict in Darfur has once again served to highlight the threat of sexual violence that women face during times of war. Yet, although sexual violence in wartime has existed probably for as long as war itself, it is only in more recent times that its recognition as a crime under international humanitarian law has taken place. Moreover, although it is recognized that women may conceive as a result of such wartime rape, largely missing from the international rights framework, and from the discourse that surrounds it, is a consideration of the children – or ‘war babies’ – who are born as a result. This article places the focus upon ‘war babies’ by considering the reasons for their current marginalization as a category in international discourse. In addition to examining such marginalization within existing theoretical analyses, this article also analyses the potential for their incorporation within the wider rights framework: first, in terms of international legal practice and; second, in terms of the actions of civil society. The final section concludes.     

抗战时期的四川高等院校

通过论述抗战时期四川高等教育因众多高校的内迁而得到飞速发展，扩大了各校办学规模，培养了大批实用人才，繁荣了学术研究，得出了本地高校和迁入高校的共同发展对四川高等教育事业和社会文明进程具有深远影响的结论。